Newark High School

Definitions Anatomy: The study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationships to one another. The study of structure and shape of body parts and their relationships to one another.Physiology: The study of the function of living organisms. The study of the function of living organisms. HOW ARE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY RELATED TO EACH OTHER? STRUCTURE DETERMINES FUNCTION

Structure and Function Structure and function are interrelated Structure and function are interrelated The function of a structure implies that function is dependent upon structure The function of a structure implies that function is dependent upon structure Anatomy and physiology are truly inseparable sciencesAnatomy and physiology are truly inseparable sciences In architecture “form follows function”In architecture “form follows function” A description of anatomy is followed by an explanation of its function, the structural characteristics contributing to that physiologic functionA description of anatomy is followed by an explanation of its function, the structural characteristics contributing to that physiologic function

Sub disciplines of Anatomy A. Developmental Anatomy (embryology) B. Microscopic Anatomy or Histology - the study of tissues C. Gross Anatomy- visible to the naked eye Surface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarks Surface Anatomy - Anatomical landmarks Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional groups Systemic Anatomy - structures are studied in functional groups Regional Anatomy – specific regions of the body Regional Anatomy – specific regions of the body D. Specialized Anatomy Radiographic Anatomy – Body structures that can be visualize with X-rays Radiographic Anatomy – Body structures that can be visualize with X-rays Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with disease Pathological Anatomy- structural changes associated with disease

Diagnostic Techniques Palpation: feels body surfaces with hands Palpation: feels body surfaces with hands Auscultation: listen to body sounds Auscultation: listen to body sounds Percussion: taps on the body surface with finger tips. Percussion: taps on the body surface with finger tips.

Organization of the Human Body (Levels) The human body is organized into cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and the organism. Cells are the smallest living unit of body construction. Cells are the smallest living unit of body construction. Tissues are group of cells working together. Examples are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. Tissues are group of cells working together. Examples are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. An organ is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs and the heart. An organ is a structure composed of several different tissues performing a particular function. Examples include the lungs and the heart. Organ systems are groups of organs which together perform an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system. Organ systems are groups of organs which together perform an overall function. Examples are the respiratory system and the digestive system. The total organism is the individual human being. The total organism is the individual human being.

Levels of Structural Organization

ORGANISM LEVEL – the highest level of structural organization. ORGAN LEVEL – organs are structures composed of 2 or more tissue types that perform specific functions. TISSUE LEVEL – tissues consist of groups of similar cells that have a common function in the body. CELLULAR LEVEL – microscopic cells are the smallest units of all living things. Are formed by a combination of atoms. CHEMICAL LEVEL – simplest level of structural organization. Tiny building blocks of matter called atoms combine to form molecules such as water, sugar, and proteins.

Organ System Overview INTEGUMENTARY Forms the external body covering Protects deeper tissue from injury Synthesize vitamin D Location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Organ System Overview SKELETAL Protects and supports body organs Provides muscle attachment for movement Site of blood cell formation Stores minerals

Organ System Overview MUSCULAR Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat

Organ System Overview NERVOUS Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands

Organ System Overview ENDOCRINE Secretes regulatory hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Organ System Overview CARDIOVASCULAR Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System Overview LYMPHATIC Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

Organ System Overview RESPIRATORY Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Exchange of gases

Organ System Overview DIGESTIVE Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material

Organ System Overview URINARY Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid – base balance Regulation of materials Water Electrolytes

Organ System Overview REPRODUCTIVE Production of offspring

What is Homeostasis? – body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world continuously changes. “Normal.” Homeostasis – body’s ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions even though the outside world continuously changes. “Normal.” Is DYNAMIC – balances internal conditions with external changes Is DYNAMIC – balances internal conditions with external changes

Homeostatic Control Mechanisms Is communicated through nervous and endocrine systems. Uses these: Is communicated through nervous and endocrine systems. Uses these: 1. Receptor – sense and monitor changes (STIMULI) 1. Receptor – sense and monitor changes (STIMULI) 2. Control Center – analyzes info and chooses a response (INPUT); set point 2. Control Center – analyzes info and chooses a response (INPUT); set point 3. Effector – OUTPUT to the stimulus uses either a muscle or gland to produce the means for the response. 3. Effector – OUTPUT to the stimulus uses either a muscle or gland to produce the means for the response.

TYPES OF FEEDBACK Negative feedback mechanisms – the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Negative feedback mechanisms – the output of the system shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. Example: think of a thermostat Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback

TYPES OF FEEDBACK Positive feedback mechanisms – the result is to speed up or increase the intensity of the stimulus. Positive feedback mechanisms – the result is to speed up or increase the intensity of the stimulus. Two types of positive feedback: 1. process of blood clotting 2. childbirth – labor contractions

Directional Terms Superior, Inferior. Superior means above. towards the head (alternately: cranial - towards the head end) Superior, Inferior. Superior means above. towards the head (alternately: cranial - towards the head end) Inferior means below, towards the feet (alternately: caudal - towards the tail end) Inferior means below, towards the feet (alternately: caudal - towards the tail end) Anterior, Posterior. Anterior, Posterior. (1) Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body. (1) Anterior (or ventral) refers to the front of the body. (2) Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body. (2) Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back of the body. Medial, Lateral. Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline or toward the side of the body. Medial, Lateral. Medial means toward or nearer the midline of the body. Lateral means away from the midline or toward the side of the body. Intermediate: Between two structures Intermediate: Between two structures Superficial, Deep. Superficial means closer to the surface of the body. Deep means away from the surface of the body Superficial, Deep. Superficial means closer to the surface of the body. Deep means away from the surface of the body Proximal, Distal. Proximal means near the point of origin (commonly to describe relative distance along a limb) & Distal means far from the point of origin. Proximal, Distal. Proximal means near the point of origin (commonly to describe relative distance along a limb) & Distal means far from the point of origin. Ipsilateral & Contralateral. On the same side, on the opposite side Ipsilateral & Contralateral. On the same side, on the opposite side

Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that pass through the body from front to back. The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves. Sagittal plane is a vertical plane that pass through the body from front to back. The median or midsagittal plane is the vertical plane that divides the body into right and left halves. Horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ into upper & lower portions. Horizontal (transverse) plane divides the body or organ into upper & lower portions. Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ into front & back. Frontal (coronal) plane divides the body or organ into front & back. PLANES IN THE BODY

Body Cavities Body cavities are spaces within the body that help protect, separate & support internal organs. Bones, muscles, & ligaments separate the various body cavities from one another. Major Body Cavities Dorsal body cavity Dorsal body cavity A- Cranial cavity A- Cranial cavity B- Spinal cavity B- Spinal cavity Ventral body cavity Ventral body cavity A- Thoracic: Pleural & pericardial cavities A- Thoracic: Pleural & pericardial cavities B- Abdominopelvic cavity B- Abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities