Professor Yashar Ganjali Department of Computer Science University of Toronto

Announcements Assignment # 1 Submission deadline: 5PM on Friday Oct. 9 th your solutions to me; or Slide them under my office door BA5238 Volunteers for lecture notes? SII Computer Networks and Society2University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Final Project Final project proposal Guidelines have been posted on class website. Each project completed by groups of two students Use class mailing list to find teammates if you don’t know anyone in class. 1 page proposal Due: Fri. Oct. 16 th at 5PM Intermediate report Key technologies 2 pages Due: Fri. Nov. 13 th at 5PM SII Computer Networks and Society3University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Final presentation In class during the last two weeks 15 minute presentation Final report Put everything together 5 pages Due: Fri. Nov. 27 th at 5PM SII Computer Networks and Society4University of Toronto – Fall 2015

SII Computer Networks and SocietyUniversity of Toronto – Fall 2015 The Story So Far … Introduction to computer networks Internet vs. mail The science of networks Characteristics, graphs, scale-free networks, … This week: Computer networks and healthcare 5

Outline Motivational example Information flow Networks and awareness How networking technology helps with healthcare Detour: sensor networks Science of networks Epidemic prediction/control Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society6University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Traditional Uses of Networks in Healthcare Communication Phone Video Teleconferencing … Data transfer Fax SII Computer Networks and Society7University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Need: 15M blind in India 70% of blindness treatable 7% in rural areas get care Aravind Eye Hospitals Tamil Nadu, India 5 hospitals But too far for most to walk Goals: 50 rural vision centers Diagnosis and prevention Motivational Example: Rural Telemedicine SII Computer Networks and Society8University of Toronto – Fall 2015

What are WiFi routers? What’s their range? How much do they cost? WiFi Routers SII Computer Networks and Society9University of Toronto – Fall 2015

WiFi for Rural Connectivity Can we use WiFi for rural connectivity? ✔ Cost Partly because of unlicensed spectrum Question: What is spectrum? ✗ Range Question: What are the limiting factors? Question: Can we fix the range limitation? SII Computer Networks and Society10University of Toronto – Fall 2015

SII Computer Networks and Society11University of Toronto – Fall 2015 New World Record – 382 Kms Pico El Aguila, Venezuela Elev: 4200 meters

AirJaldi Rural WiFi ISP SII Computer Networks and Society12University of Toronto – Fall 2015 North India Tibetan Community WiLD links + APs Links are 10–40 km long Achieve 4–5 Mb/s per link VoIP + Internet 10,000 users Routers used: (a) Linksys WRT54GL, (b) PC Engines Wrap Boards, Costs: (a) $50, (b) $140 Hybrid: closed mesh for backhaul

SII Computer Networks and Society13University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Real Impact Over 130,000 patients so far Centers are cash-flow positive Over 20,000 patients have recovered sight Growing to 50 centers covering 2.5M people Hoping to replicate in Lumbini, Nepal SII Computer Networks and Society14University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Remote Diagnosis Connect patients with health care resources using the Internet Facilitate diagnosis, follow up, … Not a perfect tool Can lead to incorrect diagnosis Yet, it works in some situations Internet can also help with follow up and consulting sessions that do not require physical presence Even in more advanced regions SII Computer Networks and Society15University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Remote Diagnosis Use network (the Internet) as a medium to help with diagnosis Not a perfect tool Can lead to incorrect diagnosis Might work in some situations Internet can also help with follow up and consulting sessions that do not require physical presence Even in more advanced regions SII Computer Networks and Society16University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Outline Motivational example Information flow Networks and awareness How networking technology helps with healthcare Detour: sensor networks Science of networks Epidemic prediction/control Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society17University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Medical Information Flow Many sources of information Patient history Lab records Electrocardiogram (EGG or EKG) CAT scan Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Ultrasound Digital X rays Doctor’s diagnosis, prescription, … Traditionally Go back to the same doctor, or Transfer the data SII Computer Networks and Society18University of Toronto – Fall 2015 Computer networks can help here.

Electronic Health Record (EHR) System Collect all information related to a patient in digital format Universal access Doctor’s can access this data from anywhere More information  better decisions Less space to store Faster access Quick sharing/transfer Reduced possibility of some errors Easy to access and verify Great resource for research Data is extremely valuable in medical research SII Computer Networks and Society19University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Possible Concerns Requires many resources EHR system Setup Maintenance Network Doctor time to collect data Might introduce new types of errors Example? Privacy issues Who has access? Hackers, … SII Computer Networks and Society20University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Awareness Networks can help with raising awareness in healthcare Many resources available on the Web Information for specialists: Medical journals, papers PubMed, … Information for all Symptoms, available treatments, side effects, … WebMD, BabyCenter, … We have great search engines: Google, Bing, … Online forums and support groups No need to be physically close Low cost (time and money) SII Computer Networks and Society21University of Toronto – Fall 2015 One should be careful about these resources. Not all are trustworthy.

Outline Motivational example Information flow Networks and awareness How networking technology helps with healthcare Detour: sensor networks Science of networks Epidemic prediction/control Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society22University of Toronto – Fall 2015

How Technology Made This Possible? Large and reliable storage Store high volumes of data at very low cost Small probability of error (or loss) High speed networks Make access possible To store and retrieve No need to store locally Large scale information management systems It is not just a pile of data SII Computer Networks and Society23University of Toronto – Fall 2015

New Forms of Data Collection Many medical devices today collect data in digital format Networks can transfer and collect these data Further analysis in EHR systems We can also collect data using non-traditional devices Sensor networks SII Computer Networks and Society24University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Sensor Networks Tiny electronic devices Equipped with a sensor to collect Temperature, humidity, … Use a wireless network to transfer data to a base- station Used to collect various forms of data with applications in Wildlife, environment, military, health care, … SII Computer Networks and Society25University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Sensor Networks SII Computer Networks and Society26University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Sensor Networks – Connectivity SII Computer Networks and Society27University of Toronto – Fall

Sensor Networks – Routing SII Computer Networks and Society28University of Toronto – Fall

Sending Data to the Base Station What if nodes move constantly? For example in a highly dynamic environment We might not be able to find a path to send data to the base station Even if we find a path, by the time we want to send data it nodes might have moved. SII Computer Networks and Society29University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Basic idea: nodes locally balance their load Send packets to your neighbors … If you have more packets than they do Idea comes from a volcano Lava flows towards the sea (low altitude) Volcano Routing Scheme (VRS) SII Computer Networks and Society30University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Volcano Routing Scheme SII Computer Networks and Society31University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Multi-Flow Volcano Routing SII Computer Networks and Society32University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Outline Motivational example Information flow Networks and awareness How networking technology helps with healthcare Detour: sensor networks Science of networks Epidemic prediction/control Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society33University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Science of Networks: Epidemics We can use the science of networks to predicting and control epidemics Propagation of viruses similar to … Diffusion of information in social network In random networks Either the entire network is infected, or It dies out Depends on spreading rate Above a threshold  all nodes will be infected Below that threshold  spread will die out In scale-free networks however No epidemic threshold Steady state of small persistence rate SII Computer Networks and Society34University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Outline Motivational example Information flow Networks and awareness How networking technology helps with healthcare Detour: sensor networks Science of networks Epidemic prediction/control Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society35University of Toronto – Fall 2015

The Big Idea … SII Computer Networks and Society36University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Discussion Extremely valuable dataset What is the incentive of people to help? Can we create similar incentives in other situations? How reliable is the results gained from this system? Can doctors rely on the results? Do we need extra checks? Can we integrate a system like this with today’s online social networks? Facebook maybe? What are the pros and cons? SII Computer Networks and Society37University of Toronto – Fall 2015

Summary and Discussion Computer networks are extremely useful in healthcare Help with information flow Data collection Data management … Assuming extremely fast networks, high capacity storage, … What other areas can you think of? What are the technologies we need to work on today? SII Computer Networks and Society38University of Toronto – Fall 2015