PowerPoint ® Lecture Slide Presentation by Patty Bostwick-Taylor, Florence-Darlington Technical College Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PART B 11 The Cardiovascular System

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System  Transport blood to the tissues and back  Carry blood away from the heart  Arteries  Arterioles  Exchanges between tissues and blood  Capillary beds  Return blood toward the heart  Venules  Veins

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Figure 11.9a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Figure 11.9b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Differences Between Blood Vessels  Walls of arteries are the thickest  Lumens of veins are larger (space)  Larger veins have valves to prevent backflow  Skeletal muscle “milks” blood in veins toward the heart  Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Figure 11.9a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Figure 11.10

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure  Measurements by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries  Systolic—pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction  Diastolic—pressure when ventricles relax  Write systolic pressure first and diastolic last (120/80 mm Hg)  Pressure in blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Comparison of Blood Pressures in Different Vessels Figure 11.19

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20b

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20c

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Figure 11.20d

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors  Temperature  Heat has a vasodilating effect  Cold has a vasoconstricting effect  Chemicals  Various substances can cause increases or decreases  Diet  Kidneys  Brain

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Factors Determining Blood Pressure Figure 11.21

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Variations in Blood Pressure  Normal human range is variable  Normal  140–110 mm Hg systolic  80–75 mm Hg diastolic  Hypotension  Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)  Often associated with illness  Hypertension  High systolic (above 140 mm HG)  Can be dangerous if it is chronic

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of System Circulation  Aorta  Regions  Ascending aorta—leaves the left ventricle  Aortic arch  Thoracic aorta  Abdominal aorta

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Heart Figure 11.2a

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation  Arterial branches of the aortia arch (3)  1. Brachiocephalic trunk splits into the  Right common carotid artery  Right subclavian artery (follows clavicle)  2. Left common carotid artery  3. Left subclavian artery  Vertebral artery  The subclavian artery becomes the axillary artery  brachial artery  radial and ulnar arteries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation  Arterial branches of the thoracic aorta  Intercostal arteries  Lungs  Esophagus  Diaphragm

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation  Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta  Gastric artery (stomach)  Splenic artery (spleen)  Hepatic artery (liver)  Renal arteries (kidney)  Gonadal arteries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation  Arterial branches of the abdominal aorta  Iliac arteries are the final branches of the aorta  Thigh  femoral artery  popliteal artery  tibial arteries

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation Figure 11.12

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation  Superior and inferior vena cava enter the right atrium of the heart  Superior vena cava drains the head and arms  Inferior vena cava drains the lower body

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation  Veins draining into the superior vena cava  Radial and ulnar veins  brachial vein  axillary vein

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation  Veins draining into the superior vena cava  Subclavian vein receives blood from the  arms  skin  muscles  Vertebral vein drains the posterior of the head  Jugular vein drains the brain

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation  Veins draining into the inferior vena cava  Tibial fibial veins drain the legs  Tibial vein  popliteal vein  femoral vein  Iliac vein  Great saphenous veins (longest veins of the body - hip to foot)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation  Veins draining into the inferior vena cava  Gonadal veins  Renal veins (kidneys)  Hepatic portal vein (digestive organs)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Major Veins of Systemic Circulation Figure 11.13

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Fetal Circulation Figure 11.15

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hepatic Portal Circulation Figure 11.17

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulse  Pulse  Pressure wave of blood  Monitored at “pressure points” in arteries where pulse is easily palpated  Pulse averages 70–76 beats per minute at rest

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Pulse Figure 11.18

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aneurysm  Bulging of an artery

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Atherosclerosis  Formation of a plaque of fat, cholesterol or calcium that obstructs blood flow

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hypertension  High blood pressure, systolic goes above 140 mmHg and diastolic is over 90 mmHg

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anemia  Lack of blood cells or hemoglobin

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Hemophilia  Blood does not clot

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Heart Attack  Coronary artery disease  Coronary arteries of the heart are blocked

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Leukemia  White blood cell count becomes too low, malignant

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Embolism  Substance like a blood clot, fat globule, air bubble, or clump of cells that circulates in the blood stream until it lodges in a vessel

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Varicose Veins  When veins are swollen and dialated

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Thrombophlebitis  Inflammation of a vein due to the presence of a blood clot (thrombosis)

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Aging problems of the Cardiovascular System  Venous valves weaken  Varicose veins  Progressive atherosclerosis  Loss of elasticity of vessels leads to hypertension  Coronary artery disease results from vessels filled with fatty, calcified deposits