1. CD program under government agencies Planned and implemented through the functions of various government agencies With participation of community

 Participatory and bottom-up approach of development Eg. Group farming (Department of Agriculture) Mini estate (RISDA)

2.CD program under local government (Kerajaan tempatan) Normally associated with political institutions eg. JKKK, Pemuda UMNO, MCA, MIC etc

Institutions as vehicles for resource mobilisation Important for leadership development

3. CD programs under NGO Have specific mission and vision Have specific mission and vision Not restricted to government rules and procedures Not restricted to government rules and procedures eg. ABIM – CD programs such as Tadika, Outreach programs, religious classes. -Community Association in a territory (Persatuan Penduduk)

4. Volunteer CD Program  Based on volunteer associations  Very diverse mission and vision Eg. ‘Gotong-royong’ Rotary club Tuition classes Youth club Exercise program for Women’s Club old folks Pensioners Club

5.At the international level during the 70’s and 80’s – there was ‘peace corp’ program, volunteers from US and Japan, went to developing countries.

Based on local problems Dengue-Self-help program to combat the feverbreeding of aedes mosquitoes Poverty-Income-generating program at the local level

2.Every individual is a human resource. Therefore, CD is an HRD process 3.Goal of CD is to help people to improve their livelihood.

4.Leadership is important in CD, because it gives direction to people. 5.Expenses in CD is a kind of investment. -participatory approach of development

7.CD should start from the grass root level, then expands to district and state levels. 8.CD based on felt needs. Therefore, the role of CD worker is to change unfelt to felt needs.