Electric Cars By: Vahid Akhavan

What are they? Electric Vehicle Hybrid Gas/Electric Vehicle Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle

New Technology? 1834, First EV by Thomas Davenport 1874, First Rechargeable EV 1894, Morris and Salom’s Electrobat , Electric cars held the land speed record , 38% of 4200 automobiles sold in US were EVs (22% ICV, and 40% Steam) 1911, Kettering Invented the starter

New Life 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act 1990, GE Introduces the Impact 2001, Mass Production of Reva (65 km/h, 80 km, $5000 MSRP) 2003, Tzero Introduced 0-60mph in 3.6 seconds miles, $220k 3

Batteries Pb-Acid battery: Cheap, Mature Technology –(1860), V cell = 2 V, E sp = 35 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg Nickel based: Proven Technology, Good Performance –(1920), Ni-Cd, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 56 Wh/kg, P sp = 225 W/kg –(1930), Ni-Zn, V cell = 1.6 V, E sp = 60 Wh/kg, P sp = 300 W/kg –(1992), Ni-MH, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 65 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg Metal/Air: Inexhaustible Positive Electrode –Zn/Air, V cell = 1.2 V, E sp = 180 Wh/kg, P sp = 95 W/kg –Al/Air, V cell = 1.4 V, E sp = 250 Wh/kg, P sp = 7 W/kg Sodium-ß: High T op, Great Preformance –Na/S, V cell = 2 V, E sp = 100 Wh/kg, P sp = 200 W/kg –Na/NiCl 2, V cell = 2.5 V, E sp = 86 Wh/kg, P sp = 150 W/kg Lithium Based: Easily Recharged, Light, Expensive –Li-Polymer, V cell = 3 V, E sp = 155 Wh/kg, P sp = 315 W/kg –(1991), Li-Ion, V cell = 4 V, E sp = 120 Wh/kg, P sp = 260 W/kg

Environmental Cure? High Pollution Electric Power Generation Battery Recycle Not Popular –Reliability –Size of Battery

Costs Battery costs $ /kWh Limiting the size of the battery Leads to two ideas –Gas/Hybrid Electric Vehicles (Prius 1.3kWh) –Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (≈ 9kWh)

Hybrid Setup

Current HybridPlug-in hybrid Compact Sedan: Saturn (base cost: $14,000) Miles per gallon improvement:21%56% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction:21%40% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction:10%32% Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least:$2,500$4,500 Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least18%32% Mid-Size SUV: Explorer (base cost: $31,000) Miles per gallon improvement:31%60% Carbon dioxide (greenhouse gas) reduction:31%46% Nitric oxide (smog contributor) reduction:19%37% Cost gap over non-hybrid is at least:$4,000$6,400 Percentage cost increase over non-hybrid is at least13%21% 4

Government Involvement 1976, EV Research, Development and Demonstration Act 1990, California Air Resources Board Zero Emission Vehicles (ZEV) –2% of all vehicles ZEV by 1998 –10% ZEV by 2003 HEV Federal Tax Deduction Participation by City Governments –50 City Plan >> Plug-in Austin

Plug-in Austin Non-peak Battery Generation Schedule Government Purchases of PHEV Petition Automakers for Commercially Available PHEVs $6/gal to be Economical

References Cited 1.United States Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 2.“Electric Cars in the Victorian Age” Lienert, Dan. “The World’s Fastest Electric Car”. Forbes. Oct, “All About conventional and plug-in Hybrids” CalCars’ Vehicles Plug-in Austin. 6.“Hybrid Vehicle Registrations”. FreedomCAR & Vehicle Technologies Program Chan, C.C. Chau, K.T. “Modern Electric Vehicle Technology”. Oxford Science Publications. 2001