URINARY SYSTEM

FUNCTIONS OF THE URINARY SYSTEM FILTERING BLOOD & EXCRETION OF WASTES REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME & BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION OF SOLUTE CONCENTRATIONS & OSMOLARIY OF THE BLOOD REGULATION OF p H REGULATION OF RBC SYNTHESIS ERYTHROPOEITIN &VITAMIN D SYNTHESIS GLUCONEOGENESIS

URINARY SYSTEM KIDNEYS URETER BLADDER URETHRA

KIDNEYS RETROPERITONEAL POSTERIOR WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY CAPPED BY ADRENAL GLAND RIGHT KIDNEY LOWER THAN LEFT

TISSUES COVERING THE KIDNEYS RENAL CAPSULE PERIRENAL FAT RENAL FASCIA

RENAL HILUS INDENTATION VESSELS ENTER AND LEAVE KIDNEY HERE URETERS LEAVE HERE

RENAL SINUS HILUS OPENS TO FORM THIS SPACE

REGIONS OF THE KIDNEYS CORTEX MEDULLA PELVIS

CORTEX OUTERMOST LAYER JUST DEEP TO RENAL CAPSULE

RENAL COLUMNS EXTENSIONS OF CORTEX THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA CONTAIN BLOOD SUPPLY FOR CORTEX AND MEDULLA

MEDULLA DEEP TO CORTEX UP TO 18 RENAL PYRAMIDS

RENAL PYRAMIDS PAPILLAE EXTEND TOWARD RENAL PELVIS PROJECT INTO MINOR CALYX (13) WHICH EMPTIES INTO MAJOR CALYX(2 OR 3) MAJOR CALYCES JOIN TO MAKE RENAL PELVIS

FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF KIDNEY NEPHRONS OVER 1 MILLION PER KIDNEY JUXTAGLOMERULARY NEPHRONS CORTICAL NEPHRONS

ANATOMY OF A NEPHRON RENAL CORPUSCLE RENAL TUBULE

RENAL CORPUSCLE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE GLOMERULAUS

ANATOMY OF THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE PARIETAL LAYER –SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM –BECOMES CUBE SHAPED NEAR PROXIMAL TUBULE VISCERAL LAYER –SPECIALIZED PODOCYTES –COVERS GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

ANATOMY OF THE GLOMERULUS FENSTRATED CAPILLARY FILTRATION SLITS FILTRATION MEMBRANE –ENDOTHELIUM –BASEMENT MEMBRANE –PODOCYTES OF BOWMAN’S CAPSULE

GLOMERULAR BLOOD SUPPLY AFFERENT ARTERIOLE –SUPPLIES BLOOD TO GLOMERULUS EFFERENT ARTERIOLE –CARRIES BLOOD AWAY FROM GLOMERULUS

JUXTAGLOMERULAR CELLS SMOOTH MUSCLE LINING BOTH ARTERIOLES

MACULA DENSA SPECIALIZED TUBULE CELLS

JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS COUPLING OF SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS AND MACULA DENSA CELLS

RENAL TUBULES PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOP OF HENLE DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES COLLECTING DUCTS

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE 14 MM LONG 60 MICRONS IN DIAMETER SIMPLE CUBOIDAL MICROVILLI BASEMENT MEMBRANE FORMS OUTER PORTION OF TUBULE

LOOPS OF HENLE NEPHRONIC LOOPS DESCENDING LIMB ASCENDING LIMB

DESCENDING LOOP OF HENLE FIRST PART SIMILAR IN STRUCTURE TO PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE LOOPS THAT EXTEND INTO MEDULLA BECOME VERY THIN AT END OF LOOP LUMEN OF NARROWED LOOP BECOMES SIMPLE SQUAMOUS

ASCENDING LOOP FIRST PORTION THIN –SIMPLE SQUAMOUS LATER PORTIONS BECOMES THICKER –SIMPLE CUBOIDAL

DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE SHORTER THAN PROXIMAL ARISES NEAR MACULA DENSA SIMPLE CUBOIDAL –SMALLER –LITTLE MICROVILLI CONNECT WITH COLLECTING DUCTS

COLLECTING DUCTS SIMPLE CUBOIDAL LARGER DIAMETER MAKE UP MUCH OF MEDULLARY RAYS EXEND THROUGH MEDULLA TO TIPS OF PYRAMIDS

BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE KIDNEYS

ARTERIES ABDOMINAL AORTA RENAL ARTERY SEGMENTAL INTERLOBAR ARTERY ARCUATE ARTERY INTERLOBULAR ARTERY

ARTERIOLES AND CAPILLARIES AFFERENT ARTERIOLE GLOMERULUS EFFERENT ARTERIOLE PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES –VASA RECTA

VEINS INTERLOBULAR VEINS ARCUATE VEINS INTERLOBAR VEINS RENAL VEIN INFERIOR VENA CAVA

ANATOMY OF THE URETERS

MUCOSAL LAYER –TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM MUSCULAR LAYER –PERISTALTIC CONTRACTIONS FIBROUS LAYER

ANATOMY OF THE URINARY BLADDER RETROPERITONEAL ENTERS BLADDER ON POSTERIOR LATERAL SURFACE TRAVELS OBLIQUELY THROUGH WALL VALVE LIKE FOLDS AT ORIFICE PREVENTS BACKFLOW

URINARY BLADDER HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN STORES URINE RESTS ON PELVIC FLOOR RETROPERITONEAL ANTERIOR SURFACE BEHIND SYMPHYSIS

MALE ANATOMY IN FRONT OF RECTUM

FEMALE ANATOMY IN FRONT OF VAGINA AND UTERUS

BLADDER ANATOMY SPHERICAL WHEN FULL INVERTED PYRAMID WHEN EMPTY MUCOUS MEMBRANE –TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM THREE LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

TRIGONE TRIANGULAR AREA WHERE MUCOUS MEMBRANE FIRMLY ATTACHED URETERS ENTER HERE URETHRA LEAVES HERE

VOLUMES AND PRESSURES AS FILLS INTITIAL RISE IN PRESSURE REMAINS RELATIVELY CONSTANT UP TO MLs RISES RAPIDLY AFTER THIS MAXIMUM MLs

URETHRA MUSCULAR TUBE MUCOUS MEMBRANE INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER –SMOOTH MUSCLE UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER –SKELETAL MUSCLE urogenital

FEMALE URETHRA 4 CM LONG RUNS ALONG ANTERIOR SURFACE OF VAGINA EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE BETWEEN CLITORIS AND VAGINAL ORIFICE

MALE URETHRA 20 CM EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE PROSTATIC URETHRA MEMBRANOUS URETHRA SPONGY URETHRA

PROSTATIC URETHRA PASSES THROUGH PROSTATE RECEIVES EJACULATORY DUCTS USED FOR BOTH REPRODUCTION AND URINE TRANSPORT

MEMBRANOUS URETHRA SHORT PORTION PASSES THROUGH UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM

SPONGY URETHRA LONGEST PORTION FROM UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM TO EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE DILATES IN GLANS PENIS TO FORM FOSSA NAVICULARIS RECEIVES BULBOURETHRAL GLAND DUCTS PASSES THROUGH CORPUS SPONGIOUSUM