Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Prepared by Darrell G. Mullins Salisbury University This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images; Any rental, lease or lending of the program. 1

Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. So much of what we call management consists of making it difficult for people to work. Peter Drucker 2

Overview of Themes  The Importance of Organizational Communication  Defining Organizational Communication  Organizational Communication and the Individual  The Individual, Organizational Communication and Society  Ethics and Organizational Communication  Improving Your Organizational Communication Skills Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 3

“Even if you don’t think of yourself as a member of any organizations, they shape your life, in more and less obvious ways”. The Importance of Organizational Communication Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Comstock/Jupiterimages 4

Organizations Impact You  Your life is shaped by organizations every day.  Legislative bodies make laws/regulations.  Educational institutions create “knowledge.”  Religious groups influence moral beliefs.  Business corporations influence governments, education, and international relations. Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 5

You Impact Organizations  As an employee with ideas  As a constituent with a vote  As a volunteer in control of your own time Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 6

Defining Organizational Communication Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. “…communication scholars argue that communication constitutes organizations. It enables or creates them” Carin Baer/© AMC/Courtesy: Everett Collection 7

What Is Organizational Communication?  Organizations are the set of interactions that members of groups use to accomplish their individual and common goals.  Communication Functions  Production  Maintenance  Communication Structure  Downward  Upward  Horizontal  Formal  Informal Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 8

Types of Organizations (by function)  Societal—serves a particular social function  Integration―manage social conflicts or problems  Political―generate and distribute resources (power)  Pattern Maintenance―perform learning and expressive functions  Economic Production―delivery of products or services to maximize profit Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 9

Organizational Culture  We can understand an organization through its values and practices.  Beliefs and values are both explicit and implicit.  Culture acts as the “personality” of the organization.  Communication practices are designed to integrate new members (employees) into the organization’s culture. Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 10

“It is important to be familiar with guidelines for how you might perform these types of communication most successfully.” Organizational Communication and the Individual Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Mary Haggerty/ The New York Times/Redux 11

Types of Organizational Communication-Assimilation  Entering the Organization : Organizational Identification, Organizational Culture, Anticipatory Socialization  The Encounter Stage : Active Strategies, Passive Strategies, Interactive Strategies  Metamorphosis : Familiarity, Organization, Acculturation, Recognition, Involvement, Job Competency, Role Negotiation Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 12

Types of Organizational Communication Supervisor-Subordinate Communication  Semantic-Information Distance  Information/Understanding Gaps  Upward Distortion  Perceptual Co-Orientation  Successful Supervisor-Subordinate Communication  Openness  Supportive  Motivation  Empowerment  Ingratiation Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 13

Types of Organizational Communication Communicating With Coworkers  Horizontal Communication  Formal/Profession  Informal/Personal  Supervisors can encourage effective coworker communication Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 14

Types of Organizational Communication-Conflict Management  A Process Over Time  Ambiguous/Chaotic  Types of Conflict Issues  Task/Cognitive  Socio-emotional/Affective  Conflict Management Strategies  Competing/Dominating  Collaborating/Problem-Solving  Compromising  Accommodating/Obliging  Avoiding Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 15

Conflict Management Continued  Stages of Organizational Conflict, a Contingency Approach  Discussion Stage  Polarization  Segregation  Survival Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 16

Organizational Dilemmas  Emotion Labor  Requirement to display specific emotions  Emotional display rules  Stress/Burnout  Emotional exhaustion  Lack of sense of personal accomplishment  Depersonalization  Role conflict/confusion/ambiguity  Work-Life Conflict  Balance issues  Pressure to prioritize work Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 17

“…organizations and the societies in which they are located exert influence upon each other and the individuals within them.” The Individual, Organizational Communication, and Society Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 18

The Impact of Historical and Social Forces on Organizations  Scientific Management  Time and Motion Studies  Human Relations  Human Resources  General Systems Theory  Globalization Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 19

The Impact of Organizations on Individuals and Society  The New Social Contract  Contingent Workers  Urgent Organizations  Blurred Boundaries Between Home and Work Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 20

Organizations, Communication, and Power  Bullying  Sexual Harassment  Employee Privacy and Monitoring Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 21

“From debates over drug tests, affirmative action, and the high salaries of CEOs who lead failing companies, to outrage over business scandals in corporations such as AIG and Madoff Investment Securities, U.S. Americans are paying more attention to business ethics than perhaps ever before.” Ethics and Organizational Communication Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. Index Open/PhotosToGo 22

Approaches to Organizational Ethics  Contrasting Perspectives  Individual Perspective  Communal Perspective  Ethical Communication Challenges  Layoffs  Corporate Image  The Role of Ethics in Corporate Mission and Values  How Communication Features in Organizational Ethics Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 23

“One of the most useful communication skills that you can develop is the ability to negotiate effectively.” Improving Your Organizational Communication Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 20th Century Fox /Redin, Van/The Kobal Collection 24

Negotiating and Bargaining  Negotiation Skills  Create a best-case scenario.  Create a fallback position.  Create a BATNA.  Decide on a walk-away point. Copyright © 2010, 2006 Pearson Education, Inc. 25