1 DNA Technology

2 DNA Extraction Chemical treatmentsChemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst stickyThe DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture “spooling”This is called “spooling” DNA

3 “Spooled” DNA

4 Cutting DNA Restriction enzymesRestriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences manageable fragmentsUseful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

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6 Electrophoresis size and chargeDNA can be separated based on size and charge phosphate groupsnegativelyThe phosphate groups are negatively charged gelelectricityDNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

7 Electrophoresis Negative DNANegative DNA moves toward the positive end Smaller farther and fasterSmaller fragments move farther and faster

8 Electrophoresis

9 Steps in DNA Sequencing Many copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tubeMany copies of a single strand of DNA are placed in a test tube DNA polymerase is addedDNA polymerase is added A mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attachedA mixture of nucleotides is added some of which have dye molecules attached Each base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dyeEach base (A,T,C,G) has a different color dye

10 Steps in DNA Sequencing some dyed nucleotidessome regular onesBy chance, some dyed nucleotides & some regular ones are added stop the chainDye molecules are large and stop the chain from growing Dideoxy Nucleotides

11 DNA Sequencing multiple sizes with colors that can be identifiedThe result is DNA fragments of multiple sizes with colors that can be identified

12 DNA Sequencing After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.After the gel separates the resulting fragments by size, we 'read' the sequence from bottom to top.

13 Copying DNA Polymerase Chain ReactionPolymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

14 Steps in Copying DNA A DNA molecule is placed in a small test tube DNA polymeraseDNA polymerase that can work at high temps is added

15 Steps in Copying DNA DNA is heatedThe DNA is heated to separate the two strands PrimersPrimers, short pieces of DNA complementary to the ends of the molecule to be copied, are added

16 Copying DNA DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strandsThe tube is cooled, and DNA polymerase adds new bases to the separated strands

17 PCR Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

18 Cloning CloneClone- a member of a group of genetically identical cells asexual reproductionMay be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

19 Cloning organisms body cell egg cellA body cell from one organism and an egg cell from another are fused divides like a normal embryoThe resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

20 Cloning “Dolly”

21 Bacterial plasmids in gene cloning

GMO’s (Genetically modified organisms) + A strawberry resistant to frost = Arctic fish DNA strawberry Tobacco Plant containing Luciferin gene from Firefly

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