Plato’s Euthyphro PAR 101: Invitation to Philosophical Thinking Walter Thomas Schmid, Ph.D. Philosophy and Religion, UNCW

Plato’s Euthyphro Philosophical drama= set in Athens in 399 BCPhilosophical drama= set in Athens in 399 BC CharactersCharacters –Socrates, famous philosopher –Euthyphro, “Mr. Orthodox” Background:Background: –Greek polytheistic religion –Socrates accused of impiety by Anytus and Meletus –Euthyphro charging his father with ‘pollution’, religious crime

Socratic Inquiry (Starts from a real situation) 1.Seeks definition of a moral concept, e.g. What is X? (What is piety? justice?) 2.Examination of defn  refutation through self- contradiction (elenchus) 3.Progress  more insightful definitions 4.Ends in perplexity (aporia), s hould  realization by the interlocuter he doesn’t know, begin search for wisdom.

Socratic Dialectic = test of self-knowled ge Anyone one who has an intellectual affinity to Socrates and enters into conversation with him is liable to be drawn into an argument; and whatever subject he may start, he will be continually carried round and round by him, until at last he finds that he has to give an account both of his present and past life; and when he is once entangled, Socrates will not let him go until he has completely and thoroughly sifted him to determine if he knows what he is talking about –i.e. if he knows himself. LACHES 187Anyone one who has an intellectual affinity to Socrates and enters into conversation with him is liable to be drawn into an argument; and whatever subject he may start, he will be continually carried round and round by him, until at last he finds that he has to give an account both of his present and past life; and when he is once entangled, Socrates will not let him go until he has completely and thoroughly sifted him to determine if he knows what he is talking about –i.e. if he knows himself. LACHES 187

What is a “definition”? Verbal Definition Dictionary meaning – how different people understand it More than one meaning May not apply to all instances May not state essence Disagreement is normal Real Definition Normative meaning— how all people ought to understand it One true meaning Applies to all true instances States essence Ideal of rational agreement

Definitions in Euthyphro: to hosion (the ‘truly religious’) is: 4. KNOWEDGE: Know how to pray and sacrifice (14c) 3. INTENTION/TRAIT 3b. Serving the gods, as servants to masters (13d) 3a. Caretaking of the gods (12e)  2. HOW VIEWED BY OTHERS 2b. What is loved by or dear to all the gods (9e)  2a. what is loved by or dear to the gods (7a) 1. SINGLE TYPE OF BEHAVIOR Prosecuting the wicked (5d) Prosecuting the wicked (5d)

First Definitions #1:“Prosecute the Wicked” Euthyphro’s justification – “textual proof”Euthyphro’s justification – “textual proof” Socrates’ response-- his view of the Greek godsSocrates’ response-- his view of the Greek gods One concept—many types of P-actionsOne concept—many types of P-actions #2a: “Loved by the Gods” Socrates on “contested terms” Polytheistic religion and conflict among the gods Definition of any virtue must be a ‘guide to conduct’

Definition 2b (#3) “What all the gods love” Unity of the gods  one God, monotheismUnity of the gods  one God, monotheism Definition answers first two objectionsDefinition answers first two objections But is it a good definition of what makes an action or person ‘pious’?But is it a good definition of what makes an action or person ‘pious’? Question: “Is it pious because all the gods love it, or do they love it because it is pious?” (10a) Compare: Did she win the race because the judges said so, or ….? P b/c gods love it = external relation; gods love it b/c p = internal to person or act

Theological Voluntarism vs. Rationalism “It cannot be that God wills it because it is right. For then what is right would be above God and God would not be all-powerful!”“It cannot be that God wills it because it is right. For then what is right would be above God and God would not be all-powerful!” “It cannot be right because God wills it: for then if He changed his mind, what is right today could be wrong tomorrow!”

3rd Definition – a and b (#4, 5) 3a: “Caretaking of the gods” (from Greek therapeia, ‘cult’ of ritual, honoring) Socrates’ analogy to caretaking of animals, cropsSocrates’ analogy to caretaking of animals, crops Euthyphro’s answer and the problem of the Greek theology: how can they conflict, if they are perfect?Euthyphro’s answer and the problem of the Greek theology: how can they conflict, if they are perfect? 3b: “Seeking to serve the gods” (human servants to divine Lords) Ancient model of pious servant to Divine Lord Analogy to servant of master-artist, Socrates’ question: what good do they want us to bring about? And Euthyphro’s answer Socrates uses in Apology

Defn 4: know how to pray and sacrifice Euthyphro’s interpretation seems more like bartering – ‘making a deal’ with God/sEuthyphro’s interpretation seems more like bartering – ‘making a deal’ with God/s Is there a deeper meaning – knowing what to pray for, what is truly good, and what to sacrifice, give back?Is there a deeper meaning – knowing what to pray for, what is truly good, and what to sacrifice, give back? But if we know what is truly worth seeking in life, and what to do, even at sacrifice to ourselves, do we need to be religious?But if we know what is truly worth seeking in life, and what to do, even at sacrifice to ourselves, do we need to be religious?