SSWH17: The student will be able to identify the major political & economic factors that shaped world societies between WWI & WWII.

Post-war social changes: ALBERT EINSTEIN: *theories of relativity *measurements of space/time are not absolute *inspired post-war scientists to accept the universe was beyond human understanding SIGMUND FREUD: *challenged faith in reason *subconscious mind drives human behavior *psychoanalysis: helped treat mental disorders

Post-war social changes: PABLO PICASSO: *created Cubanism *three-dimensional objects as complex patterns of angels and planes *included fragmented pieces

Russian revolution (Causes): Slow to industrialize Discontent among the peasant class towards the tsar WW1 united Russians; due to slow industrialization, Russian factories couldn’t keep up Soldiers were not properly equipped Food shortages, many battlefield losses, & fuel shortages caused Tsar Nicholas to step down

Russian revolution: Vladimir Lenin led a revolutionary group called the Bolsheviks (later called Communists) Influenced by Marx Nov. 1917: Bolsheviks overthrew government & seized power easily After revolution, Lenin asked for peace with Germany, removing Russia from WW1 1922: USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republic)

Russian Revolution (effects): Lenin set up new government that would allow all people to share equal rights However, Communist Party reigned supreme, not the people Had secret police to enforce laws Peasants stopped producing grain knowing the government would take it Lenin compromised with government & privately owned businesses & helped USSR recover from revolution & war

Form of government with a one-party dictatorship that regulates every aspect of the lives of its citizens Totalitarianism:

Fascism in italy: Leader: Benito Mussolini Used propaganda tactics to control the citizens Controlled all aspects of the media Secret police: Black Shirts Shaping the youth Leader: Benito Mussolini Political Party: Fascism (authoritarian government with extreme nationalism & is destructive to basic human rights) Believed in extreme aggression & expansion Wanted a society with classes Used terror to guard power

Communism in ussr: People starved, famine occurred Secret police (purges) Control of media & elimination of individual rights; propaganda Complainers sent to labor camps Great Purge: 4 million people killed Leader: Joseph Stalin Political Party: Communism Fiver Year Plan: build heavy industry, improve transportation, increase farm output all controlled by government Standard of living remained low Collectivization: government owned farms operated by peasants where all products are turned into government

Nazism in germany: Leader: Adolf Hitler Political Party: Nazis (National Socialist German Workers) Mein Kampf (Hitler’s Manifesto): extreme nationalism, racism, anti-Semitism Controlled all aspects of German life: religion, education, media SS: uniformed troops who enforced Hitler’s laws Secret police: Gestapo

Nationalism in japan: Leader: Emperor Hirohito Ruled from 1926-1989 Was Japan’s supreme authority & a living god In favor of expansion (China, Manchuria) Issued an order that all Japanese should commit suicide rather than surrender (WWII)

nATIONALISM IN TURKEY: Nationalist movements throughout Europe & Asia caused changes in the Middle East Mustafa Kemal Ataturk led the nationalist movement in Turkey Overthrew the sultan & made Turkey into a republic Wanted to modernize Turkey, separate religion from government, encouraged industrial expansion Ruled with an iron fist, some considered him a dictator Replaced many Islamic traditions with Western alternatives

Aggression goes unchecked: ITALY GERMANY JAPAN

Japanese invasion of china: December 13, 1937: Japanese troops marched into Nanjing, China 300,000 Chinese civilians were murdered City-wide burnings, stabbings, drownings, strangulations, & rape (became known as the Rape of Nanjing Japanese introduced heroin & opium to the Chinese causing at least 50,000 people to become addicted to heroin or die overdose News of the attack was reported worldwide, no country stepped in to help

Italian invasion of ethiopia: 1935: Mussolini invaded Ethiopia Due to outdated weapons, Ethiopia was unable to compete King of Ethiopia went to the League of Nations to ask for help, but they had no military to help defend the Ethiopians 1936: Italy conquered Ethiopia

Hitler tests treaty of versailles: Began building up German military Invaded the Rhineland (land between Germany & France) League of Nations adopts appeasement (giving in to the demands of an aggressor in order to keep the peace) Annexed Austria Invaded the Sudentenland (region of Czechoslovakia) Munich Conference (Sept. 1938) Hitler promises not to expand any further