Stratigraphy Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities Text: Manual p. 29-35.

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Stratigraphy Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities Text: Manual p

Stratigraphy “Stratigraphy can be defined as the complete triumph of terminology over facts and common sense.” Attributed to P.D. Krynine by J. Ferm in Burton et al., 1987.

Stratigraphy Stratigraphy: the study of the 3-D spatial and temporal relationships among rocks

Stratigraphy Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities Text: Manual p

The oldest rocks are found on the bottom and the youngest rocks on the top. youngest oldest Principles of Stratigraphy 1. Superposition

youngest?oldest? Principles of Stratigraphy

older younger Principles of Stratigraphy

sediments are deposited at the earth’s surface in flat layers Principles of Stratigraphy 2. Original Horizontality

Principles of Stratigraphy

cross-bedding

a bed will extend laterally until: Principles of Stratigraphy 3. Lateral Continuity 1.Pinches out. 2.Abuts against older rock. 3.Truncated by erosion. 4.Cut by fault.

Principles of Stratigraphy

Rock that are cut by another geologic feature are older than the feature that cuts them. Principles of Stratigraphy 4. Cross-Cutting Relationships Fault Erosion Igneous Intrusion

If pieces of rock A are included in rock B, rock A formed before rock B. Principles of Stratigraphy 5. Rule of Inclusions A B

6. Faunal Succession Systematic sequence of fossils with time. Extinct fossils do not reappear in younger rocks. Principles of Stratigraphy

Stratigraphy Text: Manual p Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities

Types of Stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphic UnitLithology PedostratigraphyPedostratigraphic UnitBuried Soils BiostratigraphyBio ZonesFossil Content ChronostratigraphyChronostratigraphic Units (Period, Epoch, Age) Time Relationships GeochronostratigraphyGeochronostratigraphic Unit (System, Series, Stage) Time Relationships MagnetostratigraphyMagnetic Reversals, ChronsMagnetic Polarity ChemostratigraphyIsotope ZonesChemical Characteristics Sequence StratigraphyAllostratigraphic Unitsunconformity-bounded packages TypeSubdivisionsProperty

Types of Stratigraphy - Allostratigraphy

Types of Stratigraphy LithostratigraphyLithostratigraphic UnitLithology PedostratigraphyPedostratigraphic UnitBuried Soils BiostratigraphyBio ZonesFossil Content ChronostratigraphyChronostratigraphic Units (Period, Epoch, Age) Time Relationships GeochronostratigraphyGeochronostratigraphic Unit (System, Series, Stage) Time Relationships MagnetostratigraphyMagnetic Reversals, ChronsMagnetic Polarity ChemostratigraphyIsotope ZonesChemical Characteristics Sequence StratigraphyAllostratigraphic Unitsunconformity-bounded packages TypeSubdivisionsProperty

Types of Stratigraphy - Lithostratigraphy Super Group Group *Formation Member / Tongue / Lentil Bed / Flow *Formation: distinct, mappable rock body with definable boundaries

Types of Stratigraphy Lithostratigraphic Units lens / lentil (E. McBride)

Stratigraphy Text: Manual p Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities

Types of Contacts Intrusive Fault Depositional - Conformable Contact - Unconformity

Types of Contacts (Depositional) Vertical Contacts Lateral Contacts pinchout intertonguing gradation intercalated gradual abrupt (Boggs, p. 453)

Types of Contacts (Depositional) Lateral Contacts (E. McBride)

Stratigraphy Text: Manual p Principles of Stratigraphy Types of Stratigraphy Contacts Unconformities

Unconformity: buried surface of erosion; missing rock / time Hiatus: amount of missing time Diastem: small amount of missing rock / time vs

Uplift of Land Erosion – Mechanical, Chemical, Biological Drop in Sea Level Unconformities

Calvert Bluff / Alluvium Contact (Field Trip 1)

Unconformities Types: 1. Disconformity 2. Paraconformity 3. Nonconformity 4. Angular Unconformity

1.Disconformity – sediments on sediments (same orientation) with obvious erosion Unconformities

Redwall Limestone Supai Group Muav Limestone 150 million years 20 million years Disconformity Unconformities

2. Paraconformity – sediments on sediments (same orientation) no obvious erosion surface (Boggs, p. 456)

3. Angular unconformity – sediments on sediments (different orientations) Unconformities

250 million years Angular Unconformity Unconformities

Angular Unconformity Unconformities Wyoming

Angular Unconformity Unconformities (E. McBride)

4. Nonconformity – sediments on crystalline igneous or metamorphic rocks Unconformities Erosional Surface Uplift, Erosion, Deposition

1800 million years 550 million years Unconformities Nonconformity

Canadian Shield Nonconformity in Progress Enchanted Rock Unconformities