F INAL S TUDY G UIDE Make sure you listen to the answers

1. D EFINE O RGANIC AND INORGANIC Organic: Made from living things Inorganic: Not made from living things

2. W HAT ARE THE PROPERTIES OF MINERALS ? 1. Naturally formed/occuring 2. Inorganic 3. Solid 4. Definite crystal structure 5. Definite chemical composition

3. H OW ARE IGNEOUS ROCKS FORMED ? E XPLAIN THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN INTRUSIVE AND EXTRUSIVE ? Heating and cooling Intrusive: inside, coarse grained slow cooling, large crystals, lava granite Exstruve: outside, fine grained, fast cooling, small crystals, magma, obsidian

I GNEOUS R OCKS Coarse-GrainedFine-Grained Granite Gabbro Basalt Rhyolite

4. H OW AND WHERE ARE METAMORPHIC ROCKS FORMED ? F OLIATED VS. NON - FOLIATED Heat and Pressure. Found near plate boundaries Foliated: banded Nonfoliated: not banded

Meta=change Morphic=form/sha pe

5. H OW AND WHERE ARE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS FORMED. Formed by Lithification and WEDCC. 1. Weathering 2. Erosion 3. Deposition 4. Compaction 5. Cementation

a. Weathering – the breakdown of material at the Earth’s surface. g i. The weathered material is called SEDIMENT.

ii. Sediment size varies – mud, sand, gravel

b. Erosion – movement of sediment from on place to another by WIND, WATER, or ICE.

c. Deposition – dropping off the sediment in a new location.

Now it’s time to put them together! d. Compaction (Squeezing) e. Cementation (Gluing)

5 CONTINUED 1. Clastic: made from sediment  Shale (clay)  Conglomerate (gravel)  Sandstone (sand 2. Organic: made from living things  Chalk  Limestone 3. Chemical: Chemical reaction  Rock salt (water evaporating)

i. Sand becomes sandstone

ii. Clay and mud become shale

iii. Gravel becomes conglomerate.

Organic sedimentary rock is formed from previously living things. i. Limestone – ocean life ii. Coal – plant life on land

Chemical sedimentary rock is formed from a chemical reaction such as water evaporating and leaving rocks behind.

6. E XPLAIN THE ROCK CYCLE No start and no finish Any rock can be made into another rock if it’s FORMED a certain way

P ALEONTOLOGY

7. E XPLAIN EACH LAW 1. Superposition: older rocks on the bottom and younger on top 2. Horizontality: Layers are horizontal if not disturbed 3. Uniformitariansm: The same processes that are happening now have been happening for a long time

Younger rocks are on the top. Older rocks are on the bottom. Layers must be undisturbed

Uniformitarianism – the idea that the same geologic processes shaping the Earth today have been at work throughout Earth’s history

The principle of original horizontality means that layers of sediment are generally deposited in a horizontal position.

8 P ART 1. A BSOLUTE Older than 50,000 = Uranium lead Method Younger than 50,000 = Carbon-14 Method

8 P ART 1. A BSOLUTE Most precise Gives an actual age Puts a number to the age. This is why we use it! Uses:  Radioactive decay  Carbon 14 or uranium lead  Half-life

8 P ART 2. R ELATIVE Sequence Age COMPARED to other rocks Older or younger NO NUMBER Uses:  Index fossils  Law of superposition  Law of original horizontality

9. W HAT DOES THE FOSSIL RECORD TELL US ? Geological changes such as dry areas that were once under water Organisms have become more complex and how they have evolved How the environment looked in the past How rock layers in different areas match up How environment/animals have changed The age of certain layers of rocks

10. W HY ARE FOSSIL RECORDS INCOMPLETE ? Most organisms don’t become fossils

11. H OW OLD IS THE E ARTH About 4.6 billion years old

12. I N WHAT TYPE OF ROCK ARE MOST FOSSILS FOUND ? Sedimentary