English Renaissance History The Tudor (and Stuart) Monarchs

Henry VII  Henry Tudor married Elizabeth of York (daughter of Edward IV).  Henry had defeated Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses.  Henry VII went on to forge international relationships through the marriages of his children.

Henry VIII  Second son of Henry VII  Arthur (1 st son) Died: Spain and England wanted to keep their alliance  So Henry married Catherine of Aragon  Later he tried to annul this marriage so he could marry Anne Boleyn.  Henry claimed that God punished him by denying him a legitimate male heir – in Leviticus, God does threaten childlessness if a man marries his brother’s widow…so Henry came to see this marriage as cursed…

I need a son. I have been married for 20 years and my wife, Catherine of Aragon is too old to have any more children. Who will inherit my throne when I die? I spy an attractive lady – in-waiting called Anne Boleyn. If only I could marry her instead. Will the Pope give me a divorce? The Church is very rich. I need money for my luxurious court. If only I could get my hands on it. The new Protestant ideas are spreading in Germany. Princes there are reforming their churches and throwing out the Catholic Church. Some people in England like the new Protestant ideas. They believe that the Bible should be in English not Latin. The Church takes money out my country in taxes to help build St Peter’s in Rome. What do I get in return?

Edward VI Edward VI  He was the son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour - a Protestant who became king at the age of 9.  The Church of England expanded while he was king.  But he was sickly and died at the age of 16.  During his kingship, England was largely under the rule of Edward’s council, which included Thomas Seymour (the Duke of Somerset)…

Jane Grey  Henry VIII’s grand-niece  Seymour wanted Lady Jane Grey as the next queen, (Seymour’s son had married Jane Grey.)  The rightful heir would have been Mary (Edward’s oldest sister)  Jane was Protestant/ Mary was Catholic  So all the fundamental 16 th century values came into conflict – religion, patriotism, the law, dynastic succession…

 Edward opted for religion and plotted to get rid of Mary (and Elizabeth, as he thought she would not go along w/ him)  Edward thought succession would go to the male descendants of Mary Tudor (Henry VIII’s sister)  There were no male heirs at that time, but it was assumed someone would have a son eventually…but then Edward’s health went into rapid decline, and time was running out  On his deathbed, Edward changed his will to indicate that Lady Jane Grey (and not her male heirs) should succeed him  When Edward died, Jane became the queen, but Mary also proclaimed herself the queen – when Jane’s army faltered, the council abandoned her  When Mary recaptured the throne she had Seymour and Jane executed (Jane was queen for 9 days)...

Mary I (Bloody Mary)  Mary was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catharine of Aragon.  During her childhood, Mary was persecuted by Henry when he wanted to annul his marriage to her mother.  As Queen she attempted to restore Catholicism, and she married the young Philip from Spain.  She also had more than 300 Protestants killed.  None of these actions was popular with the now firmly entrenched Protestant England  Mary died of ovarian/uterine cancer at age 42.

Henry VIII Edward VI Mary IElizabeth I Catholi c Prote stant CatholicProtestant Henry VIII’s Children

Elizabeth I The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest leader. The red-haired daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, she became England’s greatest leader. She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone She kept control of England by refusing to marry anyone She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada She kept religious wars down, advanced exploration, became a patron of the arts, and brought England to the position of world power with the defeat of the Spanish Armada

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Mary (Stuart), Queen of Scots  Betrothed by her family to be the Queen of France.  When Francois II died, she came back to be Queen of Scotland.  Her return and marriages brought religious conflict to Scotland  Mary ran to England hoping her cousin would shelter her.  Instead Elizabeth imprisoned her for 19 years.

- As Henry VII of England's great-granddaughter, Mary was next in line to the English throne, after Henry VIII's children. - This again raised the succession issue…the Protestant Elizabeth had a Catholic successor…and Mary became “more” Catholic… - w/ Mary as a symbol, rebellion began in the countryside

The Spanish ArmadaThe Spanish Armada (Video) The Spanish Armada  The Pope entered into things, saying Elizabeth was a heretic…so Elizabeth became a more hard-line Protestant  English Catholics turned to Spain for help (and Spain was anti-Elizabeth as she supported piracy in the New World and had aided the Dutch Revolt)  When proof of Mary’s treachery came to light, Elizabeth I had her executed…Spain attacked, but the Armada failed…

JAMES I  James I of England was James VI of Scotland. His mother was Mary Queen of Scots, and at Elizabeth I’s death, James was named her heir.  A Catholic, he was known for the authorization of the King James Version of the Bible, as well as for being the “Wisest Fool in Christendom”.  So became the first of the Stuart Monarchs

ABSOLUTE GOVERNMENT Divine Rule

LIMITED GOVERNMENT

A Constitution LIMITS GOVERNMENT

AbsolutismConstitutionalism Government Power Laws Taxation Representative Bodies Sovereignty Absolute LIMITED

Judges decide by PRECEDENT Henry II

AbsolutismConstitutionalism Government Power Laws Taxation Representative Bodies Sovereignty Absolute LIMITED Arbitrary Common

A CONTRACT Photo by One lucky guy

Between the people and their ruler Photo by One lucky guy

AbsolutismConstitutionalism Government Power Laws Taxation Representative Bodies Sovereignty Absolute LIMITED Arbitrary Common By Decree By Consent

Parliament Some rights reservedSome rights reserved by UK ParliamentUK Parliament

The Power of the Purse

Parliament (Bicameral) Lords Commons KING

AbsolutismConstitutionalism Government Power Laws Taxation Representative Bodies Sovereignty Absolute LIMITED Arbitrary Common By Decree By Consent NO YES

AbsolutismConstitutionalism Government Power Laws Taxation Representative Bodies Sovereignty Absolute LIMITED Arbitrary Common By Decree By Consent NO YES Monarch People

The Stuart Dynasty James I Charles I STUART ABSOLUTISM Charles II James II RESTORATION INTERREGNUM CROMWELL J I C I C II J II Believed Parliament was only around to give advice. Charles 1 just didn’t call Parliament to session so he didn’t have to listen to them. Constitutional rule in theory, but Absolute rule in practice.

STUART ABSOLUTISM Divine Right Jamestown Colony Religious Uniformity STATE RELIGION Everyone must attend Church of England services King James Bible Authorized Version

Second Son of James Throughout his reign there was ongoing tension with Parliament over money. Charles just cancelled Parliament and decided he could raise money on his own. This made him very unpopular. Unrest in Scotland forced him to recall Parliament to raise funds In 1642, Charles tried to arrest 5 members of Parliament. This led to Civil War

CAVALIERS/ Royalists ROUNDHEADS/ Model Army Supporters of the King Supporters of Long Parliament Led by Oliver Cromwell

Now Who Would Lead England: Central Issues 1.Enforcement of State Religion 2.King’s Power to Tax 3.WHO is Sovereign?

Cromwell’s relationship with Parliament was a troubled one – Who was supreme? – Which religions should be supported? – Who controls the army? – Who decides what to do with tax revenue? Cromwell died in 1658 and after his son failed to be a successful leader, Parliament asked Charles II to come back and be King.

“The Merry Monarch” Pursued a policy of political tolerance and power-sharing Tried to formalize religious toleration, but met resistance in Parliament Dutch Wars were fought under his reign, he signed an alliance with France. His reign saw a rise in colonization and trade through the West Indies England became a sea power Left no legitimate heir so his brother James II became King

Charles II’s Brother Catholic He appointed Catholics to military and university posts Unpopular with Parliament Protestants Declaration of Indulgence- Restore religious freedom to Catholics

James II The birth of a son took away all hope from Parliament that rule might pass to his Protestant daughter after James died. Parliament urged William of Orange (husband of that Protestant daughter) to “save England from a Catholic takeover” Video William’s professional army and support from Englanders caused James to flee to France

Run off by Parliament Throne VACANT- James accepted exile in France No Bloodshed

Activity /invaderoutline/events1688.html /invaderoutline/events1688.html Was the seizure of the English throne by William of Orange an invasion or a revolution?

How does James feel he has been treated badly?

How does William justify his actions?

WANTED A monarch who will sit down, shut up, and let Parliament take care of governing. Video

William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights, which recognized Parliament as the sovereign governing authority in England.

1) What grievances did Parliament have against James II? 2) What rights did the English declare for themselves? 3) What groups were given special privileges in this document? 4) What comparisons can you make between this document and the U.S. Bill of Rights? 5) Where does sovereignty reside?sovereignty

Grievances PAPIST Taxation without consent Standing army in a time of peace Allowed papists to be armed and disarmed Protestants (a.k.a., “Good Citizens”) Partial, corrupt, and unqualified jurors Excessive fines and bails Free elections

Declaration of Rights PARLIAMENTARY SUPREMACY Free elections of Parliament Protestants get to have “arms for their defense… suitable to their conditions as allowed by law” Petition the government Qualified jurors (freeholders) Frequent Parliaments

Commonalities w/ Bill of Rights Cruel and unusual punishments Excessive bails Right to bear arms Quartering troops Freedom of Speech “Jury of… peers”

MONARCH(S)KEY EVENTS / ACHIEVEMENTS Absolutism JAMES I ( ) King James Bible (Authorized Version) Jamestown Colony Divine Right of Kings Enforced Religious Uniformity CHARLES I ( ) Short Parliament / Long Parliament English Civil War BEHEADED INTERREGNUM (Cromwell’s Dictatorship) Restoration CHARLES II The “Merry Monarch” Test Acts (No Catholics in Office) JAMES II Catholic Violated Test Acts Run off by Parliament ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS Constitutionalism WILLIAM & MARY Signed the English Bill of Rights Acknowledged Parliamentary Supremacy REVIEW

10-Minute Quick Write You will be given 5 minutes to look through your notes and outline your answer. Do not start writing until I say “go”. In England, how did religious and political conflict shape the reign of the Stuart monarchs ( )? In England, how did religious and political conflict shape the reign of the Stuart monarchs ( )?