1 “Macromolecules of Life” ppt adapted from cmassengale

2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. MacromoleculesoleculesMacromolecules are large molecules. Organic Macromolecules has C-C bonds large molecules

3 Organic Compounds Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. Example:CH 4 (methane)Example:CH 4 (methane)

Organic Compounds Carbon (C) What does sharing electrons with other atoms, in four covalent bonds mean? Each carbon acts as an ‘intersection’ with 4 different branch points Creates endless variety of (organic) carbon molecules 4 Vary in length

Diversity of Carbon-Based Molecules Unbranched or branched Rings Different location of double bonds

6 Macromolecules of Life Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERSAlso called POLYMERS. MONOMERSMade up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Biological macromoleculesBiological macromolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

7 Carbohydrates “How Sweet it is”

glucose glucose 8 Carbohydrates SIZESIZE –small large –small to large TypesTypes A.monosaccharide (sugars) B.disaccharide (sugars) C.polysaccharide (starches) glucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

Carbohydrates Monomer = sugar = “saccharide” Structure: –Small (simple) sugar molecules Examples? –Monosaccharides » glucose, fructose » galactose, deoxyribose –Disaccharides »Sucrose (glucose+fructose) »Lact (glucose+galactose) »Lactose (glucose+galactose) »Maltose (glucose+glucose)

Monomer = “saccharide” Structure: –Large molecules –Long chain of many single sugar units hooked together Examples? –Polysaccharides » Starches…(Pasta, bread, potatoes) »Cellulose … (lettuce, corn) provides structure for plant cell walls »Glycogen … (stored in liver, muscle cells break down glycogen to release glucose when needed for energy) 10 Carbohydrates

Carbohydrate Function Functions –Main source of energy for living things gasoline for cells (ATP) –Monosaccharides = immediate E –Polysaccharides = longer term E –Plants store carbs as cellulose—gives their cells strength –Animals store carbs as glycogen

12 Lipids “Greasy Molecules” copyright cmassengale

13 Lipids Hydrophobic= water hatingHydrophobic= water hating Hydrophillic= water lovingHydrophillic= water loving not soluble in waterLipids =general term for compounds which are not soluble in water. are soluble in other solventsLipids are soluble in other solvents.

Examples:Examples: 1. Fats – from animals (butter,lard,margarine) 2. Oils-from plants (canola oil, olive oil, corn oil) 3. Phospholipids (cell membranes) 4. Waxes (bees wax, ear wax) 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides copyright cmassengale14 Lipids

15 Lipids Six functions of lipids: 1.“stores the most energy” Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation) 3.Protection against physical shock (cushioning) 4.Protection against water loss (hydrophobic) 5.Chemical messengers (hormones) 6.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

16 Lipids Technically called? Triglycerides Composition:(1) glycerol3) fatty acids Composition:(1) glycerol and (3) fatty acids. H H-C----O H O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = Glycerol Fatty Acids saturated  unsaturated

17 Fatty Acids fatty acids Two kinds of fatty acids you may see on food labels: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (  ) solids at room temperature 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds ( ) liquids at room temperature O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH = CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = unsaturated

18 Proteins “Amazing Variety”

19 Amino acids – building blocks – monomer peptide bonds polypeptides –(20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides). –Each a.a. made of…. Central CARBON bonded to… –Amino group (NH 2 ) –Carboxyl Group (COOH) – Hydrogen –“R” group Proteins (Polypeptides) Amino group Carboxyl group

Examples of 2 different amino acids and their side groups copyright cmassengale20

21 Proteins (Polypeptides) Six functions of proteins: 1. Immune/Defense: Kill invaders (Antibodies) 2.Transport: Blood (hemoglobin), Cell membrane proteins 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles (Actin,Myosin) 5.Structural:Hair,horns,feathers (Keratin) Skin (Collagen). Bones,Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage (Connective Fibers) 6.Regulatory:help control cellular reactions (Enzymes…-ase)

22 Proteins (Polypeptides) Four levels of protein structure: A.Primary Structure B.Secondary Structure C.Tertiary Structure D.Quaternary Structure

Primary Structure Amino Acids linked (bonded) in a STRAIGHT CHAIN 23 aa1aa2aa3aa4aa5aa6 Peptide Bonds Amino Acids (aa)

24 Secondary Structure primary structurecoilspleats hydrogen bonds3-dimensional folding arrangement of a primary structure into coils and pleats held together by hydrogen bonds. Two examples:Two examples: Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet Hydrogen Bonds

25 Tertiary Structure Secondary structuresbentfolded more complex 3-D arrangementSecondary structures bent and folded into a more complex 3-D arrangement of linked polypeptides Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S)Bonds: H-bonds, ionic, disulfide bridges (S-S) “subunit”.Call a “subunit”. Alpha Helix Beta Pleated Sheet

26 Quaternary Structure Composed of 2 or more “subunits” Globular in shape Form in Aqueous environments enzymes (hemoglobin)Example: enzymes (hemoglobin) subunits

Protein Structure - Quiz copyright cmassengale27

28 Nucleic Acids copyright cmassengale

29 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA- double helix) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand) Nucleic acids nucleotidesNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides…building blocks…monomer copyright cmassengale

30 Nucleic acids Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: –phosphate group –pentose sugar (5-carbon) –nitrogenous bases: DNARNA DNARNA adenine (A)adenine (A) thymine (T) uracil (U) cytosine (C)cytosine (C) guanine (G)guanine (G)

31 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogen Base Base (A, G, C, T or U) CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 Sugar Sugar(deoxyribose)

32 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA copyright cmassengale

33 DNA- Gene for Baldness Build a DNA moleculeDNA