1 Macromolecules

2 Organic Compounds CompoundsCARBON organicCompounds that contain CARBON are called organic. Macromoleculesorganic moleculesMacromolecules are large organic molecules.

3 Carbon (C) Carbon4 electronsCarbon has 4 electrons in outer shell. Carboncovalent bonds 4Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements). C, H, O or NUsually with C, H, O or N. –Example:CH 4 (methane)

4 The Atoms of Life The most frequently found atoms in the body are “CHNOPS” (not in this order). Carbon (C) Hydrogen (H) Nitrogen (N) Oxygen (O) Phosphorous (P) Sulfur (S) What are other elements you expected to be on this list?

5 Making the Molecules of Life Each molecule has one or more roles in living systems. Energy Structure Information

6 Macromolecules Large organic molecules.Large organic molecules. POLYMERS –Also called POLYMERS. MONOMERS –Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS. Examples:Examples: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

7 Carbohydrates

8 Carbohydrates Small sugar moleculeslarge sugar moleculesSmall sugar molecules to large sugar molecules. Types:Types: A.monosaccharide = 1 sugar unit B.disaccharide = 2 sugar units C.polysaccharide = many sugar units

9 Carbohydrates MONOMER = Monosaccharide: one sugar unit Elements involved: CHOElements involved: CHO Also called “simple sugars”Also called “simple sugars” Examples:glucose ( Examples:glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )deoxyriboseribosefructosegalactose glucose

10 Carbohydrates Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) –Lactose (glucose+galactose) –Maltose (glucose+glucose) glucoseglucose

11 Carbohydrates Polysaccharide: many sugar units Called “complex sugars” Examples:starch (bread, potatoes) glycogen (beef muscle) cellulose (lettuce, corn) glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

12 Carbohydrates 3 Functions of carbohydrates: 1.Short term energy storage for plants & animals 2. Source of carbon 3. Structural elements of cells and tissues

13 Review Questions 1.What is the difference between a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide? 2.Provide an example of a mono-, di-, and polysaccharide. 3.What are 2 functions of carbohydrates?

14 Polymerization Simulation Take the H- from one glucose molecule and –OH from another This creates a water molecule, thus the reaction is called dehydration When we break these bonds (metabolize our food), it requires water and is called hydrolysis Another reason to stay hydrated! biochem/carbos.htmhttp://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/biol115/wyatt/ biochem/carbos.htm

15 Important Monosaccharides Glucose: The basic carbohydrate monomer (C 6 H 12 O 6) Instant / immediate energy source Main energy transport molecule & source for metabolism All digested carbohydrates broken down to this for absorption in the small intestine. Only fuel used by the brain/nervous tissue glucose

16 Polysaccharides Energy source once all monosaccharides are used (still short- term energy) IF it can be digested Three types: Glycogen Starch Cellulose

17 Polysaccharides G lycogen: storage form of glucose in muscle and liver Quickly broken down to produce blood glucose; used as an energy source once glucose is used up

18 Starch vs. Cellulose vs. Glycogen

19 Polysaccharides Cellulose: plant structural form Different bond between glucose units We don’t have the enzyme to break that particular bond, but cows do. This is “fiber” (aka “roughage”) in our food. Ruminants (cows, sheep) DO have the enzymes to break that bond, so they can turn it into usable energy

20 Starch vs. Cellulose

21 Type of Carb ExampleStructureUseExplanation Glucose Glycogen Starch Cellulose

22 Lipids

23Lipids NOT soluble in waterGeneral term for compounds which are NOT soluble in water. are soluble in hydrophobic solventsLipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents. –Hydrophobic = hates water Remember:“stores the most energy”Remember: “stores the most energy” Examples:1. FatsExamples:1. Fats 2. Phospholipids 3. Oils 4. Waxes 5. Steroid hormones 6. Triglycerides

24 Lipids The MONOMER for lipids… *fatty acid chains : Made of C, H, O 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol triglyceride… 3 fatty acids & 1 glycerol make a triglyceride…

25 Lipids Triglycerides: c1 glycerol3 fatty acid chains (monomers) Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains (monomers). Elements involved: CHO H H-C----O H glycerol O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = fatty acids O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 =

26 Fatty Acids fatty acids There are two TYPES of fatty acids 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (maximum # of hydrogens) (Straight Chain) (Straight Chain) 2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (less than the maximum # of hydrogens) (Bent Chain) O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 = saturated O C-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH =CH-CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 2 - CH 3 = unsaturated

27 Lipids 4 functions of lipids: 1.Long term energy storage 2.Protection against heat loss (insulation), physical shock & water loss 3.Chemical messengers (hormones) 4.Major component of membranes (phospholipids)

28 Review Questions 1.What are the parts of a triglyceride? 2.What is the difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat? 3.What are 2 functions of lipids?

29 Proteins

30 Proteins (Polypeptides) MONOMER =MONOMER = Amino acids (A.A.s) Elements involved: CHONElements involved: CHON Made up of C, H, O and N (amino refers to the presence of nitrogen) There are 20 different amino acids peptide bondsA.A.s are bonded together by peptide bonds to create a… Polypeptide: strand of amino acids, which becomes a protein!Polypeptide: strand of amino acids, which becomes a protein!

Amino Acids Phenylalanine (Phe) Leucine (Leu) Isoleucine (Ile) Valine (Val) Serine (Ser) Proline (Pro) Threonine (Thr) Alanine (Ala) Tryosine (Tyr) Histidine (His) Glutamine (Gln) Asparagine (Asn) Lysine (Lys) Glutamic Acid (Glu) Aspartic Acid (Asp) Cystenine (Cys) Tryptophan (Trp) Argenine (Arg) Glycine (Gly) Methionine (Met) Start codon

Proteins

33 Proteins (Polypeptides) 6 functions of proteins: Examples: 6 functions of proteins: Examples: 1.Storage:albumin (egg white) 2.Transport: hemoglobin 3.Regulatory:hormones 4.Movement:muscles 5.Structural:membranes, hair, nails 6.Cellular reactions:Enzymes

34 Review Questions 1.What are the monomers that make up a protein? 2.How are those monomers held together? 3.What are 2 functions of proteins?

35 Nucleic Acids

36 Nucleic acids Two types:Two types: a. DNA (DeoxyriboNucleic Acid) - double helix b. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) b. RNA (RiboNucleic Acid) - single strand Nucleic acids nucleotidesNucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

37 Nucleic acids MONOMER = NucleotideMONOMER = Nucleotide Elements involved: CHONPElements involved: CHONP Nucleotides include:Nucleotides include: –phosphate group (1 P & 4 Os) –pentose sugar (5 Cs) –nitrogen bases: ATGC in DNAATGC in DNA AUGC in RNAAUGC in RNA adenine (A) adenine (A) cytosine (C) cytosine (C) guanine (G) guanine (G) thymine (T) DNA only thymine (T) DNA only uracil (U) RNA only uracil (U) RNA only

38 Nucleotide O O=P-O OPhosphate Group Group N Nitrogenous base CH2 O C1C1 C4C4 C3C3 C2C2 5 5-C Sugar 5-C Sugar

39 DNA - double helix P P P O O O P P P O O O G C TA

40 DNA - double helix

41 Nucleic acids 5 Functions:5 Functions: 1. Store genetic information 2. Pass genetic information from one generation to the next 3. Create proteins 4. Determine the job of every cell in an organism 5. Identify individual organisms

42 Nucleic acids Examples:Examples: a. DNA b. tRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA c. mRNA b. rRNA b. rRNA

43 Review Questions 1.What are the parts of a nucleotide? 2.What is the difference between RNA & DNA? 3.What are 2 functions of nucleic acids?

44 Review 1.What is the main example of monosaccharides? 2.What are 3 examples of polysaccharides? What is the purpose of each one in humans? 3.How are monosaccharides used differently in humans than polysaccharides? How are they structurally different from each other? 4.List, in order, the types of macromolecules by their effectiveness of energy usage? (What does our body use first, second, etc?)

45 Review 5. Draw one molecule of water, labeling the more positive and more negative regions. 6. Draw 3 water molecules. Label the forces that a) hold the atoms together and b) the forces that hold the molecules together 7. How could you break each of the forces from #6? 8. How is cellulose used differently in plants vs. cows vs. humans?

46 Part 1: Testing Known Solutions Test Molecule it tests for Color BeforeColor After IF molecule is present Benedict’s Biuret’s Iodine Paper Bag