Macromolecules

Organic Chemistry

Isomers S = Difference in covalent bonds G = Difference in arrangement around double bond E = Different in spatial arrangement

Pharmacological Enantiomers

Awakenings

Thalidomide

Chemical Groups

Functional Groups

Monomers and Polymers Monomers to Polymers (build larger molecules) – Dehydration synthesis Polymers to Monomers (break down molecules) - Hydrolysis

Monomers and Polymers

Macromolecules Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides

Carbohydrates

Simple Sugars Monosaccharaides – One subunit Ex. Glucose, Fructose Disaccharides – two subunits Ex. Maltose, Sucrose

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (Storage) Starch - Plants Glycogen - Animals

Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharides (Structure) Cellulose - Plants Chitin - Animals

Buyer’s Beware

Why can’t we eat grass?

Lipids Triglycerides Glycerol Three fatty acids

Saturated vs. Unsaturated

Partially Hydrogenated Fats (Trans)

Phospholipids

Steroids Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen

Anabolic Steroids

Lipid Functions Energy storage Cushions internal organs Insulation Membrane Structure Water storage Toxic storage Chemical Messengers

Proteins

Peptide Bonds

Primary Structure Straight Chain Peptide Bonds

Secondary Structure Hydrogen Bonds Alpha Helix, Beta Pleats, Random Coils

Tertiary Structure All Bonds Usually Globular

Quaternary Structure Two or more subunits together All bonds

Hemoglobin

Protein Functions Structure Storage Transport Coordination of body activities (Hormones) Communication Contractile (Movement) Protection Enzymes

Nucleic Acids Made up of nucleotides Pentose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group Ex. DNA, RNA, ATP

Nucleic Acids Functions Genetic Information Energy Movement