Bodies main energy source CH 2 O Only plants synthesise carbohydrates Starch, Cellulose (polysaccharides) Lactose, sucrose (dissaccharides) Glucose, fructose.

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Presentation transcript:

Bodies main energy source CH 2 O Only plants synthesise carbohydrates Starch, Cellulose (polysaccharides) Lactose, sucrose (dissaccharides) Glucose, fructose (monosaccharides) CARBOHYDRATES

(CH 2 O) n where n=3 to 9 Aldehydes or ketones containing a carbonyl group and at least 2 hydroxyl groups Hexoses (glucose, galactose, fructose) MONOSACCHARIDES

Contain 5 carbon atoms Ribose PENTOSES

Low molar masses Sweet Soluble in water Crystalline solids Reducing sugars (aldehyde group oxidised) PROPERTIES OF MONO AND DI-SACCHARIDES

STRUCTURE OF GLUCOSE

INTERCONVERSION OF Α AND Β GLUCOSE

STRAIGHT CHAIN AND CYCLIC FRUCTOSE

CONDENSATION OF MONOSACCHARIDES

DISACCHARIDE FORMATION Β-glucose + β-galactose -----> lactose α-glucose + α-glucose > maltose α-glucose + β-fructose > sucrose

Numerous monosaccharide units Large masses Not sweet, non-reducing, insoluble Starch is plant store for glucose Two forms : Amylose (water soluble) Amylopectin (water insoluble) POLYSACCHARIDES

α-1,4 glycosidic linkages AMYLOSE

α-1,4 glycosidic linkages as well as α-1,6 glycosidic linkages AMYLOPECTIN

More highly branched than amylopectin but also has α-1,4 glycosidic linkages as well as α-1,6 glycosidic linkages GLYCOGEN

Linear Made up of β-glucose units with all glycosidic linkages in the 1, 4-position Extensive hydrogen bonding between chains Strength, rigidity Insoluble CELLULOSE

MAJOR FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES Energy Source Energy Reserve (e.g. glycogen) Precursor of other Biologically Important Molecules (e.g. anticoagulants, components of nucleic acids)

DIETARY FIBRE Plant material Cannot be digested by humans Parts of fruits, vegetables, grains May be digested by bacteria in gut Cellulose Lignin Pectin

IMPORTANCE OF HIGH FIBRE DIET Constipation and Diverticulosis Irritable bowel syndrome Obesity Crohn´s Disease Haemorrhoids

READING AND QUESTIONS Please read pages 331 to 334, all about carbohydrates. Take your own notes. Make a mind map. Can you answer the questions in the orange boxes (B.3.1 etc) ? Now answer questions 9 to 16 on page 359.