Definition a CARBONYL GROUP is a functional group found in organic compounds composed of a Carbon atom double - bonded to an oxygen atom. ═ C O

Family Under CARBONYL GROUP Aldehyde Ketone Carboxylic Acid Ester Amide

Definition A compound containing a CARBONYL group bonded to a hydrogen.

O ║ C – H

CH ═ CH – C – H O║O║

O ║ C – H O – CH 3 OH

CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 –CH 2 – C = CH – C – H CH 3 ║ O

CARBONYL groups of aldehydes give them sufficient POLARITY. That makes their boiling points higher than those of non – polar organic compounds. But lower compares to alcohol Because no HYDROGEN bonding occurs in ALDEHYDES.

Table of Comparisons ClassExampleMolecular weight Boiling Point Solubility in water AlkaneButane580 C Insoluble AldehydePropanal5849 C Soluble AldehydeButanal7276 C Soluble Ketone Propanone58 56 C Soluble Therefore, boiling points of ALDEHYDES are lower than ketone and alcohol but higher compare to alkane. Alcohol 2 - propanol 6097 C Soluble Alcohol 1 - butanol C Soluble

IUPAC NAMECOMMON NAMELATIN WORD GREEK ALPHABET SYMBOL (1) MethanalFormaldehyde(Formica) AntAlpha α (2)EthanalAcetaldehyde(Acetum) VinegarBeta β (3)PropanalPropionaldehyde(Protus/Milk)(Pion/Fats )Gamma γ (4)ButanalButyraldehyde(Butyrum) ButterDelta δ (5)PentanalValeraldehydeValerian RootEpsilon ε (6)HexanalCaproaldehydeGoatsZeta ζ (7)HeptanalEnanthaldehyde(oenanthe) VinesEta η (8) OctanalCaprylaldehaydeGoatsTheta Ө (9) NonanalPelargonaldehyde(an herb) PelargoniumIota ι (10) DecanalCapraldehydeGoatsKappa κ Things 2 remember

IUPAC RULES IUPAC rule in naming ALDEHYDES follows the usual pattern. The longest chain carrying the ALDEHYDE functional group is considered the parent structure and named by replacing the – e – of the corresponding ALKANE by – al –. The position of a substituent is indicated by number, the CARBONYL carbon always being considered as C – 1.

Are derived from D’ names of the corresponding CARBOXYLIC ACIDS by replacing by replacing – ic – acid by ALDEHYDE. Branched chain ALDEHYDES are named as derivatives of straight – chain aldehydes. To indicate D’ point of attachment, the GREEK letters, α -, β -, γ -, δ -,ε -, ζ -, η -, θ -, ι -, κ, etc., are used; The α – carbon is the one bearing the ALDEHYDE group. COMMON Naming

O ║ H – C – H O ║ CH3 – C – H

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 5 – C – H O║O║

CH 3 – C – CH 2 – CH 2 – C – C – H CH 3 3 HC O║O║

CH 3 – CH 2 – CH – CH 2 – CH 3 O ║ C – H

CH 3 – CH – C – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ OH NO 2 CH 3

CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 3 – C – C – (CH 2 ) 2 – C – H O║O║ 3 HCCH 3 CH 2 – CH 33 HC – 2 HC

CH 2 – C – C – C – C – C – H O║O║ OH HH H H

CH 3 – CH ═ CH – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 3 – C = CH – CH 2 –CH 2 – C = CH – C – H O║O║ CH 3

CH 3 – (CH2) 3 – C – (CH2) 4 – CH ═ CH 2 O ║ C – H CH 2 CH 2 – CH 3

CH 3 – C ≡ C – CH ═ CH – CH 2 – C – H O║O║ CH 2 – (CH 2 ) 3 – C ≡ C – CH – (CH 2 ) 2 – CH 3 O ║ C – H Cl

O ║ C – H O ║ C – H HO

O ║ C – H OH O ║ C – H

O ║ C – H O ║ C – H NO 2 3 HC

ALDEHYDES undergoes Oxidation Hydrogenation Hemi & Acetal Formation Hydrolysis

KMnO 4 K 2 Cr 2 O 7 O ║ CH3 – CH2 – C – H → O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – OH K 2 Cr 2 O 7

O ║ C – H → KMnO 4 O ║ C – OH

O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – C – H CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – CH → KMnO 4 O ║ CH 3 – CH 2 – C – CH 2 – C – OH CH 2 – CH 2 – CH 3 CH 3 – CH 2

Pt/Ni O ║ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 4 – C – H + H → Pt/Ni OH │ CH 3 – (CH 2 ) 4 – C – H │ H H – H

O ║ CH 3 – C – C – H CH 3 + H → Pt/Ni H – H OH │ CH 3 – C – C – H │ H CH 3

H+ CH 3 – C – H O ║ + H – O – CH 3 ↔ H+ CH 3 – C – H OH │ O – CH 3 + H – O – CH 3