Green tribology: principles, research areas and challenges by Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Philosophical Transactions A Volume 368(1929):4677-4694 October 28, 2010 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The paradigm of green tribology: (a) renewable energy (represented by a wind turbine), (b) biomimetic surfaces (represented by a gecko foot) and (c) biodegradable lubrication (represented by natural vegetable oil). The paradigm of green tribology: (a) renewable energy (represented by a wind turbine), (b) biomimetic surfaces (represented by a gecko foot) and (c) biodegradable lubrication (represented by natural vegetable oil). Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs (shown at three magnifications) of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf surface, which consists of microstructure formed by papillose epidermal cells covered with epicuticular wax tubules on the surface, which cre... (a) Scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs (shown at three magnifications) of lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) leaf surface, which consists of microstructure formed by papillose epidermal cells covered with epicuticular wax tubules on the surface, which create nanostructure and (b) image of a water droplet sitting on the lotus leaf (Bhushan et al. 2009). Scale bars, (a)(i) 10 μm, (ii) 2 μm and (iii) 0.4 μm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Optical micrographs of water droplets on Rosa cv. Optical micrographs of water droplets on Rosa cv. Bairage at (a) 0° and (b) 180° tilt angles. A droplet is still suspended when the petal is turned upside down (Bhushan & Her 2010). Scale bars, (a,b) 500 μm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The Tokay gecko has the ability to climb walls and detach from surfaces easily at will. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Scale structure on a Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis; Reif 1985). Scale structure on a Galapagos shark (Carcharhinus galapagensis; Reif 1985). Scale bar, 0.5 mm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Schematics of a solid–water–oil interface system. (a) Schematics of a solid–water–oil interface system. A specimen is first immersed in water, and then an oil droplet is gently deposited using a microsyringe, and the static contact angle is measured. (b) Optical micrographs of droplets at three different phase interfaces on a micropatterned surface (shark-skin replica): (i) without and (ii) with C20F42 (Jung & Bhushan 2009). Scale bar, (b) 0.5 mm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The principle of applying of surface microstructure for de-icing. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

The water-capturing surface of the fused overwings (elytra) of the desert beetle Stenocara sp. The water-capturing surface of the fused overwings (elytra) of the desert beetle Stenocara sp. (a) Adult female, dorsal view; peaks and valleys are evident on the surface of the elytra and (b) SEM image of the textured surface of the depressed areas (Parker & Lawrence 2001). Scale bars, (a) 10 mm and (b) 10 μm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

(a) Water strider (pond skater, Gerris remigis) walking on water and (b) SEM images of a pond-skater leg showing (i) numerous oriented microscale setae and (ii) nanoscale grooved structures on a seta (Gao & Jiang 2004). (a) Water strider (pond skater, Gerris remigis) walking on water and (b) SEM images of a pond-skater leg showing (i) numerous oriented microscale setae and (ii) nanoscale grooved structures on a seta (Gao & Jiang 2004). Scale bars, (b) (i) 20 μm and (ii) 200 nm. Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society

Double-helix Gorlov turbine for underwater installation (Gorban’ et al Michael Nosonovsky, and Bharat Bhushan Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 2010;368:4677-4694 ©2010 by The Royal Society