Languag e Arts Notes

Four Types of Sentences Each kind requires a specific ending punctuation. A declarative sentence is a statement. It ends with a period (.). An interrogative sentence asks a question. It ends with a question mark (?). An imperative sentence commands someone to do something. It ends with a period (.). An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. It ends with an exclamation mark (!).

Subjects & Predicates Every complete sentence has two parts. A subject (noun) names the person, place, or thing the sentence is about. A predicate (verb) tells what the subject is or does. Example: –Mrs. Norris loves being your teacher.

Simple and Complete Subjects and Predicates. The complete subject contains all the words that tell who or what the sentence is about. The simple subject (noun) is the main word or words in the complete subject. The complete predicate contains all the words that tell what the subject is or does. The simple predicate (verb) is the main word or words in the complete predicate.

Compound Sentences A compound sentence is made by putting two or more simple sentences together. The parts are usually joined by a conjunction such as and, or, or but. A comma is placed before the conjunction. –Example: Mrs. Norris lives in Alabama, but she works in Georgia.

Common & Proper Nouns A noun names a person, place, or thing. Common nouns name any person, place, or thing. Common nouns do not begin with a capital letter. –The dog ran after the ball. Proper nouns name a specific person, place, or thing. –SmartBoards make learning fun. Proper nouns begin with a capital letter.

Singular & Plural Nouns Singular nouns name one person, place, or thing. Plural nouns name more than one. To make the plural of most nouns, add s. If the noun ends in s, sh, ch, x, or z, add es. If the noun ends in a consonant followed by a y, change the y to i and add es. If a noun ends in f or fe, add s to some; change f to v and add es to others.(thief  thieves)

Irregular Plurals Some nouns have special plural forms. They are called irregular plurals. Singular (1)  Plural (2 or more) aircraft  aircraft deer  deer fish  fish moose  moose offspring  offspring sheep  sheep species  species salmon  salmon trout  trout

Possessive Nouns A possessive noun shows ownership. To make a singular noun show ownership, add an apostrophe (’) and s. To make a plural noun that ends in s show ownership, just add an apostrophe (’) after s. To make a plural noun that does not end in s show ownership, add an apostrophe (’) and s. –Examples: Men's clothing Children's books

Pronouns A pronoun is used in the place of a noun. Subject & Object Pronouns A subject pronoun replaces a noun used as the subject of a sentence. An object pronoun replaces a noun used after an action verb.

Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns show ownership. They replace possessive nouns. There are two kinds of possessive pronouns. They do not require an apostrophe. –One kind is used before a noun. My, your, his, her, its, our and their Have you seen her book? (In this example, the pronoun "her" replaces a word like "Sarah's".) –The second type stands alone. Mine, yours, his, hers, ours and theirs The tickets are as good as ours. Shall we take yours or theirs?

Using I & Me Name yourself last when you are talking about another person and yourself.

Verbs A verb is a word in the complete predicate that tells action or state of being. There are three kinds of verbs. Action verbs tell what the subject is doing. Linking verbs link a subject to a noun or an adjective that names or describes it. Helping verbs come before the main verb. They help state the action or show time.

Subject-Verb Agreement The verb in a sentence must agree with the subject of the sentence.

Verb Tenses The tense of a verb tells when an action occurs—past, present, or future. past—the action already happened. present—the action is happening now. future—the action is going to happen.

Verb Tenses cont… Present add s to most verbs add ing and use a present tense helping verb verbs ending in s, ch, sh, x, or z—add es verbs ending in y—change y to i and add es Past add ed to most verbs add ing and use a past tense helping verb verbs ending in a single vowel and consonant— –double the final consonant and add ed verbs ending in e—drop the e and add ed verbs ending in y—change y to i and add ed Future use the main verb with will or shall

Irregular Verbs Some verbs do not follow a set rule to form the past tense. These verbs are called irregular verbs. awake  awoke  awoken be  was  were become  became begin  began  begun

Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. Adjectives can tell three things: what kind which one how many Adjectives can also make comparisons. Use er to compare two people, places, or things. Use est to compare three or more people, places, or things. These are called Comparative & Superlative Adjec.

Adverbs An adverb is a word that describes a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs can tell: how where when to what extent / how much

Comma Usage Use these rules for commas in dates, addresses, and letters. Use a comma to separate the day and year in a date. to separate a city and state, province, or country. Use a comma after the greeting in a friendly letter. Use a comma after the closing in a letter.

Comma Usage cont… A comma is used to separate three or more words or phrases in a series. A comma is used after introductory words such as yes, no, and well. A comma is used to set off the name of a person being spoken to from the rest of the sentence.

Quotation Marks A quotation is the exact words a person says. Quotation marks (“ ”) are placed before and after a speaker’s exact words. –The first word inside the quotation marks begins with a capital letter.

Titles Titles of books, movies, plays, magazines, songs, stories, etc., are treated in specific ways. Capitalize the first word, the last word, and every important word in between. in handwriting, underline the titles of books, movies, and television programs, and the names of newspapers and magazines. If you are using a word processor, use italics instead of underlining. Use quotation marks around the titles of stories, magazine articles, essays, songs, and most poems.

Grammar and Punctuation Review 1. Take the dog for a walk ___ A. period B. question mark C. exclamation mark 2. That music is too loud ___ A. period B. question mark C. exclamation mark 3. Which of these could be the predicate part of a sentence? A. Lance and Sally C. the two brothers B. looked through the telescope

4. Which of these is the simple subject of the sentence? My two friends drank some water. A. friends B. My two friends C. drank some water 5. Which of these is a compound sentence? A. Do you want to play baseball or soccer? B. Do you want to have some cake and ice cream? C. Do you want to play the piano, or would you rather play the drums? 6. Which of these nouns should begin with a capital letter? A. river B. texas C. cousin

Which nouns are plural? 7. A. classB. tables C. student 8. A. menB. foot C. goose Which word takes the place of each underlined word? 9. Rachel helped rake the leaves. A. She B. You C. They 10. James helped rake the leaves. A. it B. him C. them Which words are verbs? 11. A. throw B. pitcher C. catcher 12. A. it B. am C. our

Which words should go in each blank? 13. __________ played a game of chess. A. I and Toshi B. Toshi and I C. Me and Toshi 14. Greg helped __________ bake cookies. A. me and Sean B. Sean and me C. I and Sean 15. The __________ mother is calling them. A. childrens B. childrens’ C. children’s 16. _____ school is next to a river. A. My B. Mine C. Theirs

17. Which word tells that the action already happened? A. find B. make C. worked Which word or words should go in each blank? 18. I hope you __________ to my party next week. A. will come B. has come C. came 19. Last year Ron _____ the Grand Canyon. A. saw B. see C. will see Which words are adjectives? 20. A. cars B. write C. those 21. A. fast B. printer C. computers

Which of these uses commas correctly? 22. A. San, Diego California B. Dear Mike, and Sue C. May 23, A. Mark, will you come to my house? B. Bring your books, pencils and, notebook. C. Yes I will come to your house, after dinner. 24. Which sentence uses quotation marks correctly? A. “What are you doing? she asked.” B. “I am talking on the telephone,” he answered. C. “He said,” I like to talk to my grandmother.

Good Job & Don’t forget to study!!!