Super-massive Black Holes of Quasars at World’s End Myungshin Im (Seoul National University) Youichi Ohyama (ISAS & ASIAA) Minjin Kim, Induk Lee, H. M. Lee, M. G. Lee (SNU), T. Wada, T. Nakagawa (ISAS/JAXA), Xiaohui Fan (U. Arizona) [Rest-frame Optical Spectra of Quasars at 4.5 < z < 6.5]

10 Years Ago JWST Simulation from Im & Stockman (1998)

Quasars Quasars = QUASi-stellAR radio sources. Extremely bright, compact active galactic nuclei, powered by accretion of matters around supermassive blackholes. Peculiar radio stars, 3C48, 3C273, spectroscopically identified to be at cosmological distance (1960, 1962, Bolton, Schmidt)  discovery of quasars. QSO (Quasi-Stellar Object)  radio-quiet populations are included. Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN): Blazar, BL- Lac, Seyferts-I,II, etc. 3C273 AGN Unification Picture

Super-massive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxies Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) at the centers of massive galaxies (bulges): 10 6 – M ⊙ SMBH mass tightly correlates with, mass, velocity dispersion, and K- band luminosity of the host galaxy (e.g., Gebhardt et al. 2000; Ferrarese & Merritt 2000; Marconi & Hunt 2003) Marconi & Hunt (2003) But why? Which was born first? When did the massive SMBHs appear? Is it consistent with the hierarchical galaxy formation? : Important questions for the galaxy formation and evolution.

Supermassive Black Holes in Early Universe Quasars are powered by matters accreted to SMBHs. Quasars have been discovered out to z ~ 6.43 (Fan et al; Willott et al. 2007). QSO at z=6.43 (Willott et al. 2007) Luminous quasars existed out to z ~ 6.4. But, how massive were they, and can you grow such SMBHs in short time scale? Undertanding the nature of SMBHs in QSOs in the early universe is very important!

Measuring (or estimating) SMBH mass Direct measurement from stellar motion. Reverberation mapping: BLR size correlation with L(5100)  L(5100) and Hβ width can be used for M BH measurement (Kaspi et al. 2000)! Single epoch measurement using optical or UV spectra (e.g., Vestergaard et al. 2005; Greene & Ho 2005). [M = f*R*v 2 /G ; Vestergaard (2008)]

Quasar spectrum (Im, Lee, et al. 2007)

Single Epoch Measurement Wavelength Flux [M = f*R*v 2 /G ; Vestergaard (2008)]

Masses of SMBHs at high redshift M BH measurements for high redshift QSOs rely on the UV- lines (CIV: micron, MgII: micon) SMBHs (M ~ 10 9 – M ⊙ or more) at 2 < z < 5 Shen et al. (2007), Also see Vestergaard et al. (2008) A few more points here from ground-based NIR spectroscopy (Jiang et al.; Kurk et al. 2007)

Growth of SMBH The mass growth rate: ~ exp(t/τ), where τ ~ 4.5 x 10 7 (ε/0.1) yrs at the Eddington limited accretion [ε = radiative efficiency] At z=5.5, t ~ 1 Gyr, at z=6, t ~ 0.9 Gyr, and at z=15, t ~ 0.26 Gyr Growing M ⊙ BHs is very challenging even from 1000 M ⊙ at z > 5.5

Need for Better Mass Measurement Netzer et al. (2007) But the reliability of CIV measurement has been in question (or even MgII – outflow contribution, asymmetric profile, etc) At higher z, metallicity abundance may decrease Need for a well-calibrated, independent measure of M BH using optical spectra such as Hα or Hβ (e.g., Greene & Ho 2005).

AKARI Spectroscopy Japanese 68cm IR telescope optimized for FIR all-sky survey. Participation from ESA and Korea (mainly Seoul National Univ. group). Launched in Feb., Cold mission ended in late August, NIR Grism and Prism Spectroscopy - NP (Prism): Slit-less spectroscopy at micron. R=19 at 3.5 micron, FWHM=15000 km/sec. - NG (Grism): Slit-less or with slit-aperture at 2.5 – 5 micron. R=120 at 3.6 micron, FWHM=2500 km/sec.  The only facility in the world capable of studying Balmer lines at 4 < z < 6.5 ! Detection of Hα (Prism data) of QSO at z=4.3 (Oyabu et al. 2007)

AKARI Open Time Program HZQSO (PI: Im) Program Summary Observation of rest-frame optical lines of QSOs at z > 4.5 (mainly Hα) using AKARI NG & NP. Masses of super-massive black holes in the early universe. Test the empirical relations of line luminosity/continuum. Study the metallicity evolution (Fe abundance, OIII lines, etc). Targets 14 Known QSOs at z > 4.5.  Good visibility (stringent orbital constraint of AKARI).  3.6 micron flux > ~ 100 uJy (for detection of H-alpha).  Not in the crowded region to avoid the confusion of spectra.

Observations & Targets Name zNGNP Hα? BR Yes BR Yes SDSS J Yes SDSS J No SDSS J (5.71) 4 0 Yes SDSS J No SDSS J Yes SDSS J No SDSS J No SDSS J Yes FLX J No SDSS J Yes? SDSS J Yes? SDSS J No? Observations were carried out in QSOs have both NG/NP data. 8 QSOs out of 14 show Hα detection. 1 pointing ~ 10 min.

NIR Prism Observation

BR (z=4.51) NP NG

Hα Detections (NG) z = 4.69 z = 5.80 z = 5.59 z = 4.97

Hα Detections (NP) z = 6.13 z = 6.07 z = 6.22

Line Luminosity/Width, Black Hole Mass Log(L(Hα) erg/sec) ~ 45.5 erg/sec FWHM ~ km/sec. Log(M BH M ⊙ ) ~ 9.2 – 10.1 (Hα method from McGill, Woo, Treu & Malkan 2007). When no FWHM available (NP data), FWHM=4000 km/sec was assumed to calculate M BH. z = 4.51

Redshifts of Quasars BR : z=4.51 vs 4.49 in the literature (e.g., Storrie-Lombardi et al. 2004)  our measurement shows z= SDSS J : Tentative redshift of 5.71 from the ground-based observation (not published)  our measurement shows z= In all other cases, the literature values and our measurements agree well

Comparison with other M BH estimators Two targets have independent CIV and/or MgII based measurements 1.SDSS J (z=5.85) No detection in Hα  M < 1.5 x 10 9 M ⊙ vs. 0.7 x 10 9 M ⊙ (CIV) or 0.3 x 10 9 M ⊙ (MgII) (Both from Kurk et al. 2007) 2. SDSS J (z=6.22) 3.5 x 10 9 M ⊙ (our measurement) vs. 1.5 x 10 9 M ⊙ (MgII; Jiang et al. 2007)

SMBH Mass BH Mass ~ – M ⊙  A few x 10 9 M ⊙ SMBHs existed at z ~ 6 (0.95 Gyr) M ⊙ SMBHs existed at z ~ 5 (1.2 Gyr) No M ~ M ⊙ SMBHs at z > 5.5 (t univ ~ 1 Gyr) ??? 66.5 Shen et al. (2007) : Jiang et al. (2007) Kurk et al. (2007) : Our work

Discussion M BH = M seed x exp[t(z)/τ], τ ~ 4.5 x 10 7 yrs Δt (z=15 – 6.0) = 0.64 Gyr, e-holding time ~ 14.4 or growth factor of exp(14.4)=1.8x10 6 To get M ⊙, we need M seed ~ 1800 M ⊙ - Upper envelope of SMBH mass: M ⊙ at z=5 (1.15 Gyr) M ⊙ at z=6 (0.91 Gyr) M ⊙ / M ⊙ ≈ exp{[t(z=5)-t(z=6)]/τ}  τ ≈ 1.5 x 10 8 yrs (3x 4.5 x 10 7 yrs)  To get M ⊙, we need M seed ~ 10 7 M ⊙

QSONG (QSO Study with NIR Grism) AKARI NIR grism observation of high-z and low-z AGNs High-z study (HQSONG): 129 QSOs at 3.4 < z < 6.5 with z_AB < 19 – 19.5 mag  Establish mass evolution of SMBHs at high redshift Low-z study (LQSONG): 119 AGNs with reverberation mass, bright QSOs (PG quasars and SNUQSO quasars) + red AGNs (NIR Hydrogen lines and PAHs)  Understand the NIR Hydrogen Line characteristics, diagnostics for studying SMBHs Observation started in June, 2008 (duration ~1.5 years)

Summary The first detection of Hα from QSOs at z > 4.5 out to z=6.22 using AKARI’s unique capability Supermassive black holes with – M ⊙ existed in the early universe. (confirmed with a well-calibrated method using Hα) Lack of M ⊙ SMBHs at z > 5.5: They are emerging at z ~ 5.5 ?