war

End of History? no wars fought between democratic countries (in 20th century) nor (since WWII) between wealthy countries--a few exceptions

So who is still fighting? Most wars of the past 50 years are: fought in poor countries civil wars possibly with foreign involvement ill-defined forces para-militaries, children, abductees high civilian casualties

Recent factors behind decline in conflicts End of most colonial wars of independence End of Cold War Rising incomes, especially Asia Greater peace-keeping and peace-making by international forces

But down the road... Increasing tensions with religious fundamentalism Intractable poverty Conflicts over shortages of oil, water, and other resources The unpredictable

UN forces UN chapter 7 authorized forces--Korea, First Iraq War, etc “Blue Helmets”--UN peacekeepers more than 60 missions, growing

International Forces--NATO formed US dominant mutual defense clause reinvented after 1991, eventually expanded first use: 1994 ending war in Bosnia 1999 more extensive use against Serbia, protecting Kosovo 2003 takes over security role from Germany in Afghanistan

Arms trade

The Arms market Small arms—total of 1 gun for every 10 people on earth