NORA Oil and Gas Sector Council, Fatality Trends and Database, NIOSH Oil and Gas Field Research, US/EU Joint Conference on OSH, 2015 The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Kyla Retzer, MPH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

Part of the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Research-focused Generate new knowledge Work with partners – research 2 practice National Institute for Occupational Safety & Health (NIOSH) June 8, 2015

A national partnership effort to define and conduct priority occupational safety and health research National Occupational Research Agenda (NORA) Oil & Gas Extraction Sector Council

NORA Oil & Gas Extraction Council Members

Operators Drilling Contractors Well Servicing Companies Oil and Gas Extraction Industry The U.S. Oil and Gas Extraction Industry June 8, 2015

Industry Growth Well Servicing Companies Oil and Gas Operators Drilling Contractors 92% Increase 62% Increase 245% Increase The oil and gas workforce doubled and the number of drilling rigs increased 71% from ,536 workers 296,891 workers ,596 workers 121,124 workers 196,732 workers 93,261 workers June 8, 2015

Methods x = Rate Calculation Statistical Test Negative Binomial over time 100,000 BLS CFOI Number of Fatalities (NAICS: 211, , ) BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (Not Full Time Equivalent [FTE]) per 100,000 Workers Fatality Difference in June 8, 2015 Rate Regression Rates

Number and Rate of Fatal Work Injuries U.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, Note: Fatality counts from BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Worker Estimates from BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (2013). Rate per 100,000 workers per year. Includes NAICS 211, , *Data for 2013 are preliminary. N=1,189 June 8, 2015

Number and Rate of Fatal Work Injuries U.S. Oil & Gas Extraction Industry, Note: Fatality counts from BLS Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries. Worker Estimates from BLS Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (2013). Rate per 100,000 workers per year. Includes NAICS 211, , *Data for 2013 are preliminary. N=1,185 FatalityRate Fatalities Week per Industry2

Trends in Fatality Rate by Company Type, Well Servicing Companies Oil and Gas Operators Drilling Contractors Statistically Significant 58% Fatalities Not Statistically Significant 27% Fatalities Statistically Significant 33% Fatalities June 8, 2015 Fatalities

Possible Reasons for Improvement Development of STEPS Networks. Creation of transportation safety groups (e.g. Appalachian Shale Transportation Group). Development of the NIOSH NORA Oil and Gas Council. The OSHA Oil and Gas Safety and Health Conference. New ALLIANCE between STEPS/OSHA/NIOSH. NIOSH exhibit - OSHA Oil and Gas Safety and Health Conference.OSHA, STEPS, NIOSH Alliance signing event, Dec June 8, 2015

FOG NIOSH/NORA Fatalities in Oil and Gas Database Detailed information fatalities in the U.S. Includes: all fatal events to U.S. land-based and offshore oil and gas extraction workers, irrespective of NAICS codes. Excludes: midstream, downstream, non-fatal injuries Data Sources: OSHA, crash reports, media, etc. Limitations: off-site motor vehicle events

Fatalities in Oil and Gas (FOG) database 35 Variables per Incident Operation Working Alone Equipment Type Basin Fatigue Related Weather Related Well Site Location Variables per Worker Race Occupation Years in Oilfield Contractor Task 21 June 8, 2015

9 worker deaths, (6) Open production tank hatches, 5 thieving, 4 gauging North Dakota (3), Colorado (3), Oklahoma (1), Texas (1), and Montana (1). Associated with hydrocarbon gases and vapors (no H 2 S) Using FOG to identify trends

Hazard Alert

Currently undergoing review. In 2014, 6 incidents that resulted in 6 worker deaths. More incidents than were seen since The majority of events (62%) involved hot-work/welding. Majority are off-site. Land-Based Fire/Explosion Fatal Events Involving Tank Vapors (FOG)

FOG Outputs

NIOSH Field Work Oil and Gas Exposure Assessments

11 sites, 5 states Winter, spring, summer Elevation: 300 – 5,000 ft. Silica sand, resin coated and ceramic NIOSH Respirable Crystalline Silica (RCS) during Hydraulic Fracturing Field Study,

Site>ACGIH TLV>NIOSH REL>OSHA PELTotal # Samples A24 (92.3%)19 (73.1%)14 (53.9%)26 B16 (84.2%)14 (73.7%)12 (63.2%)19 C5 (62.5%) 4 (50.0%)8 D19 (90.5%)14 (66.7%)9 (42.9%)21 E25 (92.6%)23 (85.2%)18 (66.7%)27 F4 (40.0%)1 (10.0%)010 Total93 (83.8%)76 (68.5%)57 (51.4%)111 1 Esswein, Breitenstein, Snawder, et. al., Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica in Hydraulic Fracturing. JOEH Vol. 10. Issue 7. May 2013 RCS Exposures at Hydraulic Fracturing Sites can Exceed OELs 1

Point Sources of Respirable Crystalline Silica Release

First study to identify RCS hazard during hydraulic fracturing JOEH article most downloaded of 2013 Industry formed RCS Workgroup New, improved controls implemented Impact of NIOSH RCS Study

Worker Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds During Flowback Operations: Initial Evaluations

Exposure to very high concentrations of VOCs in hydrocarbon products may occur when hatches are opened PBZ measurements identified benzene as a potential VOC exposure hazard None of the 35 PBZ samples exceeded OSHA benzene PEL Some samples exceeded NIOSH REL and STEL for benzene Flammable/explosive hazards can exist Additional field research is needed to more fully characterize risk for exposure Initial Flowback Conclusions

Occupational Exposures to Respirable Crystalline Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing, JOEH OSHA/NIOSH Hazard Alert: Worker Exposures to Silica during Hydraulic Fracturing Evaluation of Some Potential Chemical Exposure Risks during Flowback Operations, JOEH Select Publications

Summary Fatality Rates are improving, but work left to do. New hazards are emerging: inhalation of hydrocarbons. Old hazards persist.

Contact Info and Acknowledgements Contact Info: Kyla Retzer, NIOSH, Western States Division Acknowledgements: Ryan Hill, NIOSH, Oil and Gas Program NORA Oil and Gas Sector Council June 8, 2015