The Medieval Catholic Church  Missionaries – spread Christianity; religious travelers  Converting Germanic tribes  Monasteries – religious communities  Monks – gave up possesions and devoted their life to serving god  Nuns – same as above,lived in convents

The Power of the Medieval Church  Benedict – wrote a book describing a set of rules for monasteries  Scholastic – headed the convent and adapted same rules for women

A Medieval Monk’s Day

Monasteries Became Europe’s best-educated communitiesBecame Europe’s best-educated communities Opened schools, copied books, maintained librariesOpened schools, copied books, maintained libraries Illuminated manuscriptsIlluminated manuscripts

A Medieval Monastery: The Scriptorium

Illuminated Manuscripts

Pope Gregory I Under his authority the papacy (Pope’s office) became a secular (worldly) powerUnder his authority the papacy (Pope’s office) became a secular (worldly) power Used church $ to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poorUsed church $ to raise armies, repair roads, and help the poor

Power of the Church POPE ALL CLERGY – church officials Bishops Priests (people went to)

Unifying Force Feudalism divided peopleFeudalism divided people The shared beliefs in the church united them togetherThe shared beliefs in the church united them together Stable force that provided securityStable force that provided security

Church terms: Sacraments – important religious ceremoniesSacraments – important religious ceremonies –Baptism Canon law – church lawCanon law – church law –Matters of marriage and religious practices.

Struggle for Power Church VS. State Church VS. State Pope Kings/Emperors Pope Kings/Emperors

Holy Roman Empire First ruled by Otto IFirst ruled by Otto I Worked very closely with the churchWorked very closely with the church Lay Investiture – King appoints church officials - church did not like this

Henry IV vs. Pope Gregory VII 1075 Pope banned lay investitures1075 Pope banned lay investitures Henry IV orders Pope to step downHenry IV orders Pope to step down Pope excommunicates Henry IVPope excommunicates Henry IV People sided with the PopePeople sided with the Pope Henry begged for forgivenessHenry begged for forgiveness

Concordat of Worms 1122 church alone appoints bishops1122 church alone appoints bishops Emperor has the right to vetoEmperor has the right to veto

Advancements in Agriculture Warmer climateWarmer climate Switch to horse powerSwitch to horse power –Better harness Three-Field SystemThree-Field System –Farm 2/3 of land, leave 1/3 Food Production Increased Food Production Increased Population Grew Population Grew

Commercial Revolution Expansion of trade and businessExpansion of trade and business Fair DaysFair Days –Trade goods –Cloth most common item Trade routes spreadTrade routes spread Need arose for creditNeed arose for credit –Banking became an important business

Urban Life More trade = bigger townsMore trade = bigger towns People where no longer content with their feudal existence on manorsPeople where no longer content with their feudal existence on manors Serfs could get freedom if they lived in a town for one yearSerfs could get freedom if they lived in a town for one year Created a new social classCreated a new social class Merchant Class Merchant Class

Revival of Learning Crusaders bought back new technologyCrusaders bought back new technology Universities – group of scholarsUniversities – group of scholars People began writing in the vernacularPeople began writing in the vernacular Thomas Aquinas – the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argumentThomas Aquinas – the most basic religious truths could be proved by logical argument –Wrote a book –Combined ancient Greek thought with Christian thought

Romanesque Architectural Style e Rounded Arches. e Barrel vaults. e Thick walls. e Darker, simplistic interiors. e Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.

Chivalry: A Code of Honor and Behavior

The Medieval Manor

Life on the Medieval Manor Serfs at work

William the Conqueror: Battle of Hastings, 1066 (Bayeaux Tapestry)

Evolution of England’s Political System  Henry I:  William’s son.  set up a court system.  Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.  Henry II:  established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.  grand jury.  trial by jury.

Evolution of England’s Political System  Henry I:  William’s son.  set up a court system.  Exchequer  dept. of royal finances.  Henry II:  established the principle of common law throughout the kingdom.  grand jury.  trial by jury.

Magna Carta, 1215  King John I   Runnymeade  “Great Charter”  monarchs were not above the law.  kings had to consult a council of advisors.  kings could not tax arbitrarily.

The Beginnings of the British Parliament  Great Council:  middle class merchants, townspeople [burgesses in Eng., bourgeoisie in Fr., burghers in Ger.] were added at the end of the 13c.  eventually called Parliament.  by 1400, two chambers evolved: o House of Lords  nobles & clergy. o House of Commons  knights and burgesses.

The Rise of European Monarchies: France

Gothic Architectural Style e Pointed arches. e High, narrow vaults. e Thinner walls. e Flying buttresses. e Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors. e Stained-glass windows. “Flying” Buttresses

Pope Urban II: Preaching a Crusade

Setting Out on Crusade

Christian Crusades: East and West

Medieval Universities

Oxford University

Late Medieval Town Dwellings

Medieval Trade

Medieval Guilds Guild Hall   Commercial Monopoly:  C ontrolled membership apprentice  journeyman  master craftsman  Controlled quality of the product [masterpiece].  Controlled prices

Medieval Guilds: A Goldsmith’s Shop

Crest of a Cooper’s Guild