Kent State Massacre The anti-war protests of the counterculture through out the week leading up to May 4 th, 1970 pushed the government to their breaking point resulting in the Ohio National Guard firing upon unarmed college students at Kent State University

Kent State Massacre Occured on May 4 th, At Kent State University in Kent, Ohio Occured on May 4 th, At Kent State University in Kent, Ohio Also known as the May 4 th Massacre and the Kent State Shootings Also known as the May 4 th Massacre and the Kent State Shootings

What was the Kent State Massacre? The shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard in response to a protest against the invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War The shooting of unarmed college students by the Ohio National Guard in response to a protest against the invasion of Cambodia during the Vietnam War

How Many Students Died Or Were Wounded? Four students died: Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer, William Schroeder. Four students died: Allison Krause, Jeffrey Miller, Sandra Scheuer, William Schroeder. Nine students were injured, one of whom was parayzed Nine students were injured, one of whom was parayzed

The Specifics Of the Shootings Shootings lasted 13 seconds Shootings lasted 13 seconds 67 shots were fired 67 shots were fired

Leading Up to the Shootings… On April 30 th President Nixon announced that the military would invade Cambodia On April 30 th President Nixon announced that the military would invade Cambodia The reaction of the students at Kent State was much like that of other students around the country The reaction of the students at Kent State was much like that of other students around the country Students held a protest on May 1, 1970 at the Victory Bell on the campus of Kent State Students held a protest on May 1, 1970 at the Victory Bell on the campus of Kent State Started of as a peaceful demonstration Started of as a peaceful demonstration

Leading Up to the Shootings… Progressed later that night into an anti-war rally in downtown Kent as students left the bars Progressed later that night into an anti-war rally in downtown Kent as students left the bars Students set a bonfire in the street, threw bottles at police and broke windows Students set a bonfire in the street, threw bottles at police and broke windows The mayor of Kent, Leroy Satron, declared a state of emergency The mayor of Kent, Leroy Satron, declared a state of emergency Police used tear gas and batons to get the students back to campus Police used tear gas and batons to get the students back to campus

Saturday, May 2nd The mayor instituted a dusk to dawn curfew and students were restricted to campus The mayor instituted a dusk to dawn curfew and students were restricted to campus There were rumors that the ROTC Building was going to be a target of militant students (in the first 2 weeks of May, 30 ROTC Buildings were burned on campuses across the nation) There were rumors that the ROTC Building was going to be a target of militant students (in the first 2 weeks of May, 30 ROTC Buildings were burned on campuses across the nation) The mayor alerted the Ohio National Guard but did not tell the Kent State officials The mayor alerted the Ohio National Guard but did not tell the Kent State officials

Saturday, May 2nd An anti-war march began around 8 p.m. An anti-war march began around 8 p.m students marched to the ROTC Building 2000 students marched to the ROTC Building Windows were broken and someone set fire to the building Windows were broken and someone set fire to the building Firemen were called but students attacked the firemen/hoses Firemen were called but students attacked the firemen/hoses Police surrounded the building and used tear gas to disperse the students Police surrounded the building and used tear gas to disperse the students

Sunday, May 3rd Kent State was fully occupied by the Ohio National Guard Kent State was fully occupied by the Ohio National Guard The governor of Ohio, James Rhodes, gave a speech on campus saying that they would use whatever force needed to drive the protesters out of Kent The governor of Ohio, James Rhodes, gave a speech on campus saying that they would use whatever force needed to drive the protesters out of Kent The National Guard was told they could shoot if it was necessary The National Guard was told they could shoot if it was necessary

Sunday, May 3rd Again at 8 p.m. a crowd gathered around the Victory Bell Again at 8 p.m. a crowd gathered around the Victory Bell The National Guard issued a new curfew and ordered the crowd to disperse The National Guard issued a new curfew and ordered the crowd to disperse The crowd refused The crowd refused Tear gas was fired from helicopters Tear gas was fired from helicopters Students moved and staged a sit-in Students moved and staged a sit-in Students wanted an explanation from the mayor on why the Ohio National Guard was there Students wanted an explanation from the mayor on why the Ohio National Guard was there

Sunday, May 3rd The mayor agreed to meet with students only if they went back to campus The mayor agreed to meet with students only if they went back to campus When they returned to campus the National Guard again shot tear gas from helicopters at the students When they returned to campus the National Guard again shot tear gas from helicopters at the students They were then beaten with bayonets and some were stabbed as they were herded back into their dorms They were then beaten with bayonets and some were stabbed as they were herded back into their dorms

Monday, May 4th The Ohio National Guard was not allowing any mass gatherings of students on campus The Ohio National Guard was not allowing any mass gatherings of students on campus Around noon a group of about 1500 students gathered on the commons to protest the invasion of Cambodia and the presence of the National Guard Around noon a group of about 1500 students gathered on the commons to protest the invasion of Cambodia and the presence of the National Guard Students were told to disperse Students were told to disperse When they wouldn’t the general ordered the guardsmen to disperse them When they wouldn’t the general ordered the guardsmen to disperse them

Monday, May 4th Knowing that students had been injured during the skirmish the night before the students began to flee the attacking guardsmen Knowing that students had been injured during the skirmish the night before the students began to flee the attacking guardsmen The guardsmen followed firing tear gas The guardsmen followed firing tear gas Some students threw the tear gas back Some students threw the tear gas back Students reached a parking lot where they began throwing stones at the guards who had stopped their advancement at the football field. Students reached a parking lot where they began throwing stones at the guards who had stopped their advancement at the football field. The guards began to throw the stones back The guards began to throw the stones back

Monday, May 4th General Canterbury ordered the guard back because the crowd had been dispersed General Canterbury ordered the guard back because the crowd had been dispersed As Troop G was retreating about a dozen or so soldiers turned and fired their guns into the crowd in the parking lot As Troop G was retreating about a dozen or so soldiers turned and fired their guns into the crowd in the parking lot 67 shots in 13 seconds; 9 injured and four dead 67 shots in 13 seconds; 9 injured and four dead

The Aftermath Hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools shut down due to a nation wide strike of students Hundreds of universities, colleges, and high schools shut down due to a nation wide strike of students The shootings have become a symbol of the Vietnam War protests The shootings have become a symbol of the Vietnam War protests Crosby, Stills, Nash &Young wrote “Ohio” which was a response to the Kent State Massacre Crosby, Stills, Nash &Young wrote “Ohio” which was a response to the Kent State Massacre

Legal Aftermath In court the case against eight guardsmen was dismissed because it was ruled that there was not enough evidence to prove they didn’t act in self- defense In court the case against eight guardsmen was dismissed because it was ruled that there was not enough evidence to prove they didn’t act in self- defense The Ohio National Guard never released an apology, however they issued a statement that said the shootings should not have happened but because of prior events the guardsmen felt their lives were in danger The Ohio National Guard never released an apology, however they issued a statement that said the shootings should not have happened but because of prior events the guardsmen felt their lives were in danger

Conflicting Views General says they were fired upon by a sniper General says they were fired upon by a sniper Guardsmen say they fired in self-defense and they were in fear of their lives Guardsmen say they fired in self-defense and they were in fear of their lives Students say the crowd had dispersed They were going back to their dorms and classes They posed no threat Guardsmen conspired to shoot before they reached the top of the hill

Works Cited Brewster, Todd, and Peter Jennings. The Century for Young People. New York, New York: Random House, Inc., Brewster, Todd, and Peter Jennings. The Century for Young People. New York, New York: Random House, Inc., Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970). Ohio [Recorded by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]. On CSNY [CD]. Los Angeles, California: Broken Arrow Music. Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young (1970). Ohio [Recorded by Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]. On CSNY [CD]. Los Angeles, California: Broken Arrow Music. Ferrell, R. H. (Ed.). (1984). The Twentieth Century An Almanac. New York, New York: World Almanac Publications. Ferrell, R. H. (Ed.). (1984). The Twentieth Century An Almanac. New York, New York: World Almanac Publications. Hensley, T. R., & Lewis, J. M. (n.d.). The May 4th Shootings At Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from Sociology Department of Kent State Web site: sociology/lewis/lewihen.htm Hensley, T. R., & Lewis, J. M. (n.d.). The May 4th Shootings At Kent State University: The Search for Historical Accuracy. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from Sociology Department of Kent State Web site: sociology/lewis/lewihen.htm Kent State 1970: Description of Events May 1 through May 4. (n.d.). Kent May 4 Center. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from Kent State 1970: Description of Events May 1 through May 4. (n.d.). Kent May 4 Center. Retrieved May 25, 2009, from