Activity #6: Organic Molecules

Organic Chemistry Study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms Inorganic chemistry: study of all other compounds

Why is carbon so special? Has 4 valence electrons Allowing it to form up to four bonds One carbon atom can bond to another, giving it the ability to form chains that are almost unlimited in length Carbon-carbon bonds can be single, double or even triple covalent bonds Chains of carbon atoms can close up on themselves to form rings HONC 1234

Organic Compounds vs. Inorganic Compounds Usually defined as compounds which contain carbon with hydrogen May contain additional elements as well Produced only by living things Biotic Range from simple to very complex Contain strong, covalent bonds Examples: CH4, C6H12O6, SUGARS, PROTEINS, FATS, OILS, DNA Inorganic Usually defined as compounds that do not contain carbon with hydrogen May contain just carbon Often can be formed in the non-living environment Abiotic Can also be made by/found in living things Examples: H2O, NaCl, O2, NH3, CaCO3, CO2

Practice table Substance Organic? Inorganic? 1. sodium chloride (table salt): NaCl   2. glucose: C6H12O6 3. water: H2O 4. heating oil: C14H30 5. chitin (a protein): C8H12NO5 6. thymine (a nitrogenous base): C5H5N2O2 7. sulfuric acid: H2SO4 8. oxygen gas: O2 9. ethanol: C2H5OH 10. adenosine triphosphate (ATP): C10H16N5O13P3 11. carbon dioxide: CO2 table

Macromolecules Main organic molecules of living things Polymers made from monomers Monomers: small repeating units Polymers: larger molecules made from putting the monomers together 4 major group: Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Protein

Macromolecules: Carbs. GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates   Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Monosaccharides Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates Polymer Monomer

Macromolecules: Lipids GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates   Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride The exception: Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms.

Lipids

Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates   Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Nucleotides

Nucleic Acids Monomer Polymer

Macromolecules: Proteins GROUP Basic Building Blocks (Monomers) Macromolecule (Polymer) Carbohydrates   Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Monosaccharides Polysaccharide Glycerol 3 fatty acids Triglyceride Nucleic Acid (DNA or RNA) Nucleotides Amino acids Polypeptide/protein

Proteins Polymer Monomer

Macromolecules and Food   Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Foods in which they are found Breads, fruit, sweets, vegetables Fats (butter), oils (olive, etc.) All foods that came from living things Meat, fish, beans, soy

Building and Breaking Down Macromolecules 2 major chemical processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up or break down organic molecules into larger or smaller units These reactions occur to build and break all four types of macromolecule (carb, lipid, nucleic acid, and protein) Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis

Dehydration Synthesis Chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed/synthesized from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule

Hydrolysis Chemical reaction where a large molecule is broken down/hydrolized into smaller molecules by adding a water molecule disaccharide + water → yields monosaccharide + monosaccharide