Teaching objectives  To know subject and predicate  To learn the basic clause types  To learn how to transform and expand the basic clause

Lecture 1 Sentence Structure  1.1 Clause elements 1) Subject and predicate The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tells of what the sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject and bears the new information which the speaker or writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader.

2) Two ways of sentence analysis To facilitate description of how the English language works, sentences can be analysed in two ways: one way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial the other way is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication

Two ways of sentence analysis  a. subject + predicate:Predicate verb + Object + Complement + Adverbial  b. subject + predicate: Operator (the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase) + Predication

 在剖析谓语的构成是，被教材采用两种分 析法：一是把谓语剖析为 “ 谓语动词 ” 、 “ 宾 语 ” 、 “ 补语 ” 、 “ 状语 ” ，并和 “ 主语 ” 一起得出 主、动、宾、补等五个主要的、由词组表 示的分局成分；另一种是把谓语剖析为 “ 操 作词 + 述谓成分 ” 。

Exercises e.g. [All the men] [[have done] [their best]]. The snake warms up and crawls out of the bag. You should have come early.

 1.2 Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion transformation and expansion 1) Basic clause types The seven basic clause types are SVC, SV, SVA, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SVoO. 2) Transformation and expansion of basic types

Exercises  She is in good health.  My brother has become an engineer. Iron rusts. Everybody laughs. I want a return ticket.  Someone left you this note.  She found it cold here. I live in Beijing. They Put / place a note on my door.

 基本句型都是陈述句、肯定句和主动句，这 些巨型可以转换为疑问句、否定句和被动句。  例如： The tourists have arrived. Have the tourists arrived? The tourists have not arrived.

 She gave him some money. Did she give him any money? She didn’t give him any money. He was given some money. Some money was given to him.

 句型扩大的语法手段之一是分句的并列： eg. He was a handicapped child, but he persevered in his studies, and later he became a well-known scholar. He did not like us, and everyone knew it, but no one admitted it.

 句型扩大的另一语法手段是增加句子的修饰 成分和使用从属分句： eg. The African people have long been our close friends in fighting against hegemonism and power politics. The janitor staggered down the stairway, stunned by the bizarre noises he had just heard upstairs and gasping for sir as he hesitantly held on the banister.

 并列与从属两种手段并用的结果，往往产生 更加复杂的句子： eg. When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had been spotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously, but, as the evidence began to accumulate, experts from the Zoo felt obliged to investigate, for the descriptions given by people who claimed to have seen the puma were extraordinary similar.

Exercises A: modifications --- Last Saturday, an old woman worker told the students the bitter story of her childhood. B: coordination and subordination --- Most us were in the hall, the doors had been closed and later comers had to wait outside. --- You can call him what you like, but you won’t make him what he isn’t.

Assignment Exercise in the textbook