CM 220 Unit 4 Seminar Enjoy chatting until we get started.

Unit 4 Activities  Reading: Introduction to unit; The Kaplan Guide to Successful Writing, chapters 11-12; Ceil Pillsbury article  Quiz: Interactive quiz on plagiarism, citation, paraphrasing/quoting/summarizing  Invention Lab: Find a credible research article related to your big idea, write an APA citation for that source, and paraphrase a key point from the article.  Seminar: Review of APA citation, quoting and paraphrasing  Project: Pre-interview worksheet and comparison/contrast of 2-3 sources relating to and challenging your big idea

Finding credible sources  Library databases  Online journals  Googlescholar.com  Look for sources with known authors, reputable publishers, cited sources  Always verify information  Avoid wikipedia.com and other questionable sources

Using Sources  Remember that sources help YOU to defend YOUR ideas.  That means you should first begin with YOUR ideas. Consider drafting without any sources and then adding sources to help defend, develop and explore your ideas.  Avoid simply cutting and pasting information from sources.  Do not fill your papers with source information for the sake of filling up space-use information that is directly relevant to your argument. If it is not relevant, do not use it.  Interact with and analyze source information

Ways to use sources  Quote  Summarize  Paraphrase  LIMIT the use of quotes. Increase the originality of your paper by TRANSLATING the information from the sources into your own language.

What is paraphrasing?  Taking source ideas and translating them into your own language, vocabulary, and sentence structure  The source’s meaning and ideas are not changed  Paraphrasing does not simply change a few words.  A paraphrase is usually much shorter than the original source.

Paraphrasing is writing in YOUR OWN WORDS the material from your sources AND Including a citation that indicates where you got the idea or information. To paraphrase correctly:  Avoid replacing just a few words here and there to change from the original. That is still considered plagiarism.  TIP: Read the material, then close the book or minimize the Web page and write IN YOUR OWN WORDS what the material said.  BE SURE to represent the person’s words accurately. Do not switch the words around to make them support your ideas if they do not. Don’t misrepresent the author. What is paraphrasing?

When you take notes, DO NOT use the language of the source— write notes in your own words and list sources! Write the main idea of the passage in your own words without looking at the quote. The paraphrase should use your own style and language. Do not merely substitute a few synonyms or move phrases around in the sentence. Include the author’s name in a signal phrase. Example: According to John Lennon, … then cite your source parenthetically. Paraphrasing Tips

How to paraphrase  Decide where you need to include source information in your writing and find material that best helps you to defend, develop or clarify your ideas  Read the source WITHOUT having your paper open. This helps you to avoid cutting and pasting.  Read the source until you understand it and can explain it to others without having the source open.  Close your source. Open your paper. Insert the source information where you need it, in your own words.  Compare the paraphrase to the original, changing any accidental cutting and pasting to your own words.  Cite the source.

What Paraphrasing Is NOT Original Polls confirm that these World War II-era children have aged into the most war-and casualty-averse Americans, the most ardent supporters of the UN, and the biggest advocates of committee- scripted process. (Howe & Strauss, 2002, p. 31) Improperly Paraphrased Statistics demonstrate that these World War II-era children have matured into the most battle and victim-averse American citizens, the most enthusiastic defenders of the United Nations, and the largest supporters of bureaucratic process (Howe & Strauss, 2002).

Why is this paraphrase better than the one on the previous slide? What differences do you notice between the two? The generation now in the their 60s and 70s remember World War II from their childhoods; therefore, they are violently against war and the casualties it inflicts. They believe in the power of the United Nations and other bureaucracies to solve world conflict (Howe & Strauss, 2002). Appropriate paraphrase Hint: Your professors quickly learn to recognize your writing style. Unless quoted, sections of text that differs greatly from your normal writing style will be suspect.

When to Quote  When language used is distinctive, uniquely or especially well-stated  When it would be difficult to paraphrase in your own words  When the author’s ideas are important as authoritative support for your argument  When the reader needs to see the original statement, because the quote itself is open to interpretation  NOTE: Be sure not to over-quote. The primary voice in the paper should be your own.

Be accurate - don’t misrepresent the author. Check and recheck spelling, grammar, and word placement. Don’t let your spellchecker change a peculiar spelling in the quote (i.e. British spellings of colour, flavour, etc.) Don’t use quotes as a thesis statement or a topic sentence Do use quotes as evidence to support an argument you have constructed Integrate your chosen quotes into YOUR writing (signal phrases—don’t leave quotes “hanging”). Cite, Cite, Cite! How to Quote

Why cite sources? Giving credit to sources helps to build credibility. Show your readers you are honest and that you’ve done your research. Give reader necessary information to find sources and do further research Giving credit helps avoid issues with plagiarism. No matter how you use the source, whether quoted, paraphrased or summarized, it must be cited. List sources alphabetically in the References page. Also cite within the paper by using IN TEXT CITATIONS.

American Psychological Association: Standard for writing that is widely used by writers in the social sciences, education, business and psychology. Most Kaplan courses require it. Guides the layout of the document Requires parenthetical citations in the body of the essay Uses a reference page with full citations for each source cited in-text Exception: interviews or other personal communications that cannot be retrieved are only cited in-text What is APA?

New edition—number 6--has some slight differences from the 5 th edition The Writing Center has posted new documents that reflect these changes Main changes: 1.DOI 2.Spacing after periods (2 instead of 1) 3.Title page APA – 6 th Edition

Document formatting, title page Title page: include title of project, author, institution, course, instructor, and due date Double-space and center information on title page Include header and page number in upper right-hand corner Document should be in 12 pt. font, double-spaced, header/page number on each page, first line of each paragraph indented one tab space. Use left justification. Put title on first line of page 2.

Title page formatting Header: Title and page number in upper right- hand corner of each page Running head (optional) on the left Center project, author, and course information in two sections of the page. Double-space. See guidelines for formatting document in the APA folder of Doc Sharing as well as ch. 12 of the handbook. Roll the credits 1 Running head: ROLL THE CREDITS Roll the Credits: Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism Maggie Durham Kaplan University CM Professor Smith April 8, 2009

In-text (parenthetical) citations Require three pieces of information:  Author’s last name  Year  Page number (for direct quotes) (Thompson, 2007, p. 345) (Thompson, 2007) According to Thompson (2007), “50 percent of the population have computers” (p. 345). If no author is listed, use the corporate author or title of the article or web page.

Reference page formatting Start on a new page, titled Reference(s), centered in upper- and lowercase letters. Include a page header and page number in the upper right- hand corner. Alphabetize by author’s last name. Double-space throughout. Use a hanging indent (1st line of each entry flush left, indent subsequent lines 5-7 spaces). Match with in-text citations. Italicize titles of books and periodicals.

APA reference page formatting Start on new page. Use hanging indents. Double-space throughout. Alphabetize by author’s last name (use corporation name or article title if no author is available). End with retrieval date and database or URL for library sources and web sites. Roll the credits 5 References About APA style. (2006). Retrieved January 2, 2007, from APA Web site: Landau, J., Druen, P., & Arcuri, J. (2002). Methods for helping students avoid plagiarism. Teaching of Psychology, 29(2), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Academic Search Premier database. Segal, C. (2006). Copy this. Chronicle of Higher Education, 53(4), Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Professional Development Collection database. What you need to know about plagiarism. (2006). Retrieved December 22, 2006, from Kaplan University: /ku_plagiarism.pdf. /ku_plagiarism.pdf Villano, M. (2006). Taking the work out of homework. T H E Journal, 33(15), Retrieved January 2, 2007, from Professional Development Collection database.

6 th Edition and DOI Roll the credits 5 References  Use DOI (Digital Object Identifier) instead of retrieval date and database for information obtained electronically (library database, for example) or online  DOI – “a unique alphanumeric string assigned to identify content and provide a persistent link to its location on the internet. The DOI is typically located on the first page of the electronic journal article near the copyright notice. When a DOI is used in your citation, no other retrieval information is needed” (Trexler Library, 2010, p. 3)

Common source types  Books  Journal articles  Magazine articles  Newspaper articles  Web sites  Interviews  Speeches  Remember, each source has a specific formatting style!

Book with one author Maslow, A.H. (1974). Toward a psychology of being. Princeton: Van Nostrand.

Journal article Miller, W. (1969). Violent crimes in city gangs. Journal of Social Issues, 21(10), 1-28.

Magazine article McCurdy, H.G. (1983, June). Brain mechanisms and intelligence. Psychology Today, 46,

Newspaper article James, W.R. (1993, November 16). The uninsured and health care. Wall Street Journal, pp. A1, A14.

Internet source (author known) Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: html. html

Database retrieval information  End citation with retrieval information if found on database (date, database used):  Retrieved July 7, 2008, from Academic Search Premier database. Please note that APA has changed its rule with RETRIEVAL DATE. In general, if a source is apt to change, a Retrieval date is required.

Internet source (author unknown) The Stratocaster appreciation page. (n.d.). Retrieved July 27, 2002, from

Persuasive thesis statements— What should they do?  Take on a subject upon which reasonable people could disagree  Deal with a subject that can be adequately treated given the nature of the assignment  Express one main idea  Assert your conclusion(s) about a subject — take a position!  Use words like “because,” “since,” “therefore,” etc. to show relationships between ideas.

Example  Weak: Adoption is a very serious issue, so people who decide to give up a child or adopt a child need to think about it carefully.  Better: The United States needs to create national laws for adoptions because this will ensure that biological and adoptive parents are clear about their rights and those of the adopted child.

Three possible points  Since states currently have different laws, parents may be confused about what their rights are and whether the law holds for the state where the adoptive or biological parents live.  National laws concerning the rights of adopted children to find biological parents would also be helpful.  International adoptions would have to abide by specific, national American laws as well.

Opposition points and issues to consider...  Shouldn’t states have the right to set up their own adoption laws, as they currently do?  Who would decide what the national laws should be?  Would the laws favor biological or adoptive parents? For example, states like Florida have very short periods for biological parents to change their minds about the adoption (48 hours), while other states have a period of several months.

Any Questions?