Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.1 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.2 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep Oct Nov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.3 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Jan FebMar Apr May Jun Jul AugSep OctNov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Monthly Precipitation (mm) TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.4 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.5 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.6 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.7 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.8 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.9 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.10 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

TemperaturePrecipitation Figure 6.11 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Mean Monthly Temperature (  C) Temperature Figure 6.12 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Steep hillslope Shallow, rocky soils Dry, compacted soil Urban Park Urban Canyon LakeCornfieldForest Clearing GrasslandForest Deep, moist, loamy soil Dry, clay soil Urban Canyon River Floodplain Wet, sandy soil Plains MesoclimateMountain Mesoclimate Fallow Field Figure 6.13 Ridgetop Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Altitude Angle Horizontal Surface Perpendicular To Surface Sun Zenith Angle, Z Incidence Angle, i Sloped Surface Slope Angle, s Altitude Angle Horizontal Surface Perpendicular To Sloped Surface Sun Zenith Angle, Z Figure 6.14 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

EastWest South Horizontal South-Facing Slope East-Facing Wall South North South North West East Slope Angle, s View Factor Terrain Sky Slope Angle, s Figure 6.15 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Perpendicular To Slope Direct Beam = 1.00 S  Diffuse: 95% Of Sky 27  South Slope 27  North Slope Incidence Angle, 54  45  South Slope 45  North Slope Direct Beam = 0.95 S  Diffuse: 85% Of Sky Incidence Angle, 72  Direct Beam = 0.31 S  Diffuse: 85% Of Sky Direct Beam = 0.59 S  Diffuse: 95% Of Sky Perpendicular To Slope Altitude Angle, 63  Slope, 27  Zenith Angle, 27  Perpendicular To Slope Altitude Angle, 63  Slope, 27  Zenith Angle, 27  18  Slope, 45  Altitude Angle, 63  Zenith Angle, 27  Slope, 45  Altitude Angle, 63  Perpendicular To Slope Zenith Angle, 27  Sky Is Blocked Figure 6.16 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure 6.17 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

7:00 June 21, Direct Radiation :008:0012:0016:0020:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) June 21, Global Radiation :008:0012:0016:0020:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) HorizontalNorth WallEast WallSouth WallWest Wall December 21, Direct Radiation :009:0011:0013:0015:0017:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) December 21, Global Radiation :0011:0013:0015:0017:00 Time Of Day Solar Radiation (W m -2 ) Figure 6.18 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Elevation from 340 m to 540 m by 40 m Temperature from 19.0 o C to 22.5 o C by 0.5 o C 200 m North scale Figure 6.19 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

15 o C 300 m 900 m 1200 m 30 o C 27 o C 24 o C 21 o C 18 o C 21 o C 24 o C 27 o C 30 o C 600 m dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) 300 m 900 m 1200 m 30 o C 27 o C 18 o C 24 o C 21 o C 19.5 o C21 o C 24 o C 27 o C 30 o C 33 o C 600 m dry adiabatic lapse rate 1 o C/100 m (5.5 o F/1000 ft) moist adiabatic lapse rate 0.5 o C/100 m (3 o F/1000 ft) Figure 6.20 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

10 Elevation Of Warmest Temperature (meters) Frequency Elevation (meters) Temperature ( o C) hours 1200 hours 1800 hours 2400 hours Figure 6.21 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Day of year Day of year Day of year Day of year Cumulative Flux (MJ m -2 ) RnRn E H G Cumulative Flux (MJ m -2 ) Upland Small lake Medium lake Large lake Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

JunJulAugSepOctNovDecJan FebMarAprMay Depth (meters) Temperature (  C) Ice Cover Figure 6.23 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Onshore At Surface Warm Land Cool Water Sensible Heating Of Air Column L H Offshore Aloft H L Sensible Heating Of Air Column Warm Water Cool Land Offshore At Surface Onshore Aloft H L H L Figure 6.24 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Temperature ( o C) Height (meters) Figure 6.25 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Clearing Diameter (meters) Temperature Difference ( o C) Distance From Forest Edge (meters) Temperature ( o C) Day Night Figure 6.26 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Figure Ratio Of Clearing Diameter To Forest Height (D/H) Net Radiation (W m -2 ) Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan

Percent Of Wind In Open Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height) 60% 100% 90% 80% 70% 40% 50% 110% 90% 80% 70% wind Distance In Proportion To Height (Distance/Height) Medium Density Plan View (percent of wind in open) 60% High density Medium density Low density Windbreak Figure 6.28 Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan