DO NOW  Describe the ways in which Classical Greece has influenced aspects of ‘Murican politics and society.  Get ready to sing Chinese Dynasty Song: Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han Sui, Tang, Song Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic Mao Zedong

Period 2: Period 2: Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies (c. 600 B.C.E. to c. 600 C.E.)

Key Concepts   2.1 The Development and Codification of Religious and Cultural Tradition   2.2 The Development of States and Empires   2.3 Emergence of Transregional Networks of Communication and Exchange

The Mediterranean World

Minoan Civilization  Crete, ca 1700 BCE

 Fertile Soil  Isolation  Limited Resources encouraged immigration, trade  Trade and contact with Egypt, Mesopotamia, other Mediterranean islands  Wealthy  Little evidence of military

 Artistic  Social and Gender Equality  Anthropomorphic religion with Goddesses dominant

The Palace of Knossos

Minoan Art

Linear A and B

The Mycenaeans  Settled in mainland Greece before and after the Minoan collapse  Minoan weakness allowed Mycenaeans to gain strength

Mycenean Culture WarlikePatriarchal Adapted Minoan culture Monarchies Merchants and traders Wealth concentrated in hands of monarchs Major cities: Mycenae, Tiryns

Mycenaean Decline  Conflict between Troy and Mycenae Population decline in cities Ca 1100 BCE, cities abandoned

The Real Trojan War

Troy Ruins

Development of the Polis  Ca 800 BCE: Trade revived  Market places formed in villages  Small villages combined for better trade and self-defense  City-states developed around acropolises

Classical Greece ca 750- ca 350 BCE

Classical Greece  Independent city- states (polises)  Two dominant city states: Athens and Sparta  Patriarchal  Polytheistic

Athenian Political Development  All polises began as monarchies  Monarchies were replaced by oligarchies: rule by a few.  Oligarchies are also called aristocracies

Notable Athenian Oligarchs  Draco: harsh laws  Known for his harsh laws  Death was a punishment even minor offenses  Solon: wise laws  He is credited for laying the foundations for democracy

Cleisthenes: Father of Democracy  508/507 BCE  All citizens members of the Assembly (direct democracy)  Citizens: male property owners over 21, born in Athens  Council of 500 the governing body  Assembly met in the agora (market place)

Society in Athens  Patriarchic society  Women excluded from the democratic system  Women were not given an education  Only landowning citizens could participate in democracy  Outsiders were often not granted citizenship  Slaves:  People who had a lot of debt  Prisoners of war

Religion in Athens  Polytheistic Religion  Had a Pantheon of gods  Their gods controlled different elements of nature  Religion integrated into literature and visual arts  Gods were a center for storytelling

Culture in Athens  Greeks developed literature that focused on comedies, tragedies, and epics.  Examples: Oedipus Rex, Iliad, Odyssey

Sparta  Militarist: focused on maintaining a highly trained army  Oligarchy: ruled by Two Kings  Social and Gender Equality

Sparta  Boys taken from home at 7, trained as soldiers  Girls underwent vigorous PE training to prepare for motherhood  Greatest warriors of ancient Greece, but neglected art, literature, and science

The Persian Wars BCE

The Persian Empire  Zoroastrian  Monarchy  Powerful Military  Highly Civilized

Battle of Marathon 490 BCE  26 miles from Athens  Athenian hoplites using phalanx defeated Persians  Great event in Athenian history

2 nd Persian Invasion 480 BCE  Persian King Xerxes launched major invasion of Greece  150,000 man army  600 ship navy

Thermopylae

The Golden Age of Athens BCE  Athens dominant city-state, led Delian League  Rich and powerful  Under Pericles, magnificent architecture

THE DELIAN LEAGUE

The Parthenon

Greek art

Peloponnesian Wars BCE Peloponnesian War (431 to 404 BCE) War between Athens and Sparta and their allies War between Athens and Sparta and their allies Sparta wins, but leaves most of city-states weak Sparta wins, but leaves most of city-states weak Philip II – King of Macedonia takes advantage of weakness and conquers much of Greece and unites them under his power Philip II – King of Macedonia takes advantage of weakness and conquers much of Greece and unites them under his power

Peloponnesian Wars

Greek Philosophy  Individualism  Ethical Behavior, sense of right and wrong  Separate from religious beliefs

Socrates BCE  Know Thyself  Question Everything  Only the Pursuit of Goodness brings Happiness  Condemned to Suicide for “Corrupting the Youth of Athens”

Plato BCE  Student of Socrates  “The Republic”: philosopher-kings  Founder of The Academy  “The Prisoners in the Cave” and the Ideal Forms.

Aristotle BCE  Student of Plato  Founder of The Lyceum  Scientific Method  The Golden Mean (moderation)  Logic

Alexander The Great BCE  Son of King Philip of Macedon, who had conquered Greece  Student of Aristotle  “Greek mind”  Became King at age 21 and set out to conquer the world.

 Conquered the Persian Empire, Egypt, and the Fertile Crescent.  Eventually pushed to Indus River Valley  Encouraged “Hellenization” of Middle Eastern cultures  Resulted in Cultural Diffusion and development of Hellenistic culture throughout his empire  Died of fever at age 33.

Alexander’s Empire After His Death  Divided by his generals  Hellenistic culture, cross-cultural trade continued  Linked Mediterranean with India, China  Preserved Greek culture