1750 B.C. – 133 B.C. Ancient Greece Cory may

 Two Goals for Greece:  Unify & Bring Peace to Greece  Liberate Greek city-states in Persia  Realized the Army was Important  Small, professional Force  Used the phalanx  338 B.C.E. - Defeats Athens & Thebes at Chaeronea – gains control of Greece  How/Why might Philip’s success lead to success for Alexander?

 Military Campaigns  334 – At 22 defeats Persians at Granicus – 1 st major victory  333 – Victory at Issus; later conquers Egypt  331 – Defeats Darius III at Gaugamela ▪ Why does he defeat the Persians so quickly/easily?  Campaigns into North/Central Asia  India: Faces war elephants, troops mutiny  323 – Alexander Babylon (32) from a fever  “To the Strongest.”

 Policies  Policy of Despotism = absolute power  Ruled w/a Velvet Glove = gentle ▪ Ruled through local structures, respected religions ▪ Why might this policy help Alexander?  Could be ruthless – destroyed Thebes & Tyre  Do you see any similarities between Alexander and his father, Philip?

 Greece – Lysimachus and Cassander  Asia Minor - Antigonus  Egypt – Ptolemy rules w/ Macedonian & Greek elites until Roman conquest  Seleucid Empire – centered on Babylon  Iran, Syria, Afghanistan, Anatolia  Fragments by 200 B.C. – centered around Syria

 Spread Greek language & culture = assimilation  Building of roads, canals, & cities = facilitation of trade in all directions  Alexandria, Egypt becomes world’s greatest city  Known for the Pharos, a lighthouse, & its library  New Role for Women  Learn to read and write, some gain power

 Stoicism – accept life, morality  Advances in math and astronomy  Pythagoras, Euclid (math); Archimedes (science)  Heliocentric theory – solar system centered on the sun  Eratosthenes = earth was round  World of Medicine  Hippocrates – take the oath

 Empires  Mesopotamians & Greeks – City-States  Egyptians & Persians – Consolidated Nations  Macedonians – Exploitations w/ Skilled Father & Son ▪ Traits - What traits/qualities/goods did these empires bring to the table?  Limitations  Aristotle – “To the Size of States there is a Limit.”

 What were Philip’s two main goals when he set out to conquer Greece & the rest of the Balkans? How did he achieve these goals (or did he)?  How did Alexander accomplish his father’s goals? How did he expand from/off of them?  What are the lasting impacts of empires? (Greece, Macedonia, Egypt, Persia, Mesopotamia)?