Chapter 22 Electromagnetic Induction

21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents The direction of the magnetic field due to a current-carrying wire can be determined by the RHR-2.

21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents A loop of wire also generates a magnetic field. Once again the direction can be determined with the RHR-2.

21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents Comparison of the magnetic field of a current-carrying loop with that of a bar magnet

21.7 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents A solenoid consists of multiple loops of wire. It’s magnetic field is shown below

Induced Current A current creates a magnetic field Is the opposite true? Can a magnetic field create, or induce a current? In 1831, Michael Faraday made an exciting discovery

Faraday’s Discovery Faraday was hoping that the magnetic field generated by the current on the left circuit would induce a current in the wire on the right. But no luck, as the meter shows.

Faraday’s Discovery Disappointed, he shut down for lunch. But when he opened the switch to cut off the current in the left circuit, the meter suddenly moved, showing a momentary current in the wire on the right. It quickly went back to zero.

Faraday’s Discovery Baffled, he closed the switch again. And noticed that the meter jumped again momentarily, and this time the meter needle went the other way. I bet he actually did it a bunch of times before he noticed that it went the other way..

Faraday’s Law Faraday found that he could induce a current in a closed wire, but only if the magnetic field through the coil is changing. This is an informal statement of Faraday’s Law.

22.1 Induced Emf and Induced Current There are a number of ways a magnetic field can be used to generate an electric current. It is the changing magnetic field that produces the current.

Magnetic Flux due to an external magnetic field Φ m = AB cos θ A = cross-sectional area of the loop (m 2 ) B = strength of magnetic field (Tesla) θ = angle between B, and normal to A Units: 1 weber = 1Wb = 1Tm 2

Rank the magnitude of magnetic flux that passes through the coil, shown below (edge view) in three different orientations relative to an external magnetic field. Rank from greatest flux to least. a.1,2,3b. 3,2,1c. (1,3), 2d.(3,1), 2

Rank the magnitude of magnetic flux that passes through the coil, shown below (edge view) in three different orientations relative to an external magnetic field. Rank from greatest flux to least. a.1,2,3b. 3,2,1c. (1,3), 2d.(3,1), 2

Numerical Problem A magnetic field has a a magnitude of T and is uniform over a circular surface of radius 0.10 m. the field is oriented at an angle of 25˚ with respect to the normal of the surface. What is the magnetic flux through the surface?

Numerical Problem A magnetic field has a a magnitude of T and is uniform over a circular surface of radius 0.10 m. the field is oriented at an angle of 25˚ with respect to the normal of the surface. What is the magnetic flux through the surface? Answer: 2.2 x Wb

22.3 Magnetic Flux GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION OF MAGNETIC FLUX The magnetic flux is proportional to the number of field lines that pass through a surface.

Lenz’s Law There is an induced current in a closed conducting loop only if the magnetic flux is changing (either B, A or θ). The direction of the induced current is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the change.

22.5 Lenz’s Law LENZ’S LAW The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change.

Using Lenz Law 1.Determine the direction of the external magnetic field. 2.Determine how the flux is changing. Is it increasing, decreasing, or staying the same? 3.Determine the direction of an induced magnetic field that will oppose the change in the flux. –Increasing: induced magnetic field points opposite the external magnetic field. –Decreasing: induced magnetic field points in the same direction as the external magnetic field. –Constant: no induced magnetic field. 4. Determine the direction of the induced current. Use the right-hand rule.

Lenz’s Law An induced current in a coil or loop can be created 2 ways: –Change the size or orientation of the coil in a stationary magnetic field. –Change the strength of the magnetic field through a stationary circuit. Both of these create a changing magnetic flux.

The current exists because the changing magnetic flux has induced an emf. In a closed circuit with a resistance, R: I = ε /R The current is a consequence of the induced emf. The emf is a consequence of changing flux (Φ m )

Lenz’s Law An external magnetic field, B is directed into the page. A sliding rail completes the circuit. The rail is pushed to the right, increasing the area of the circuit.

Lenz’s Law In which direction is the induced magnetic field? a.into the page b.out of the page c.zero, since field is stationary d.in the direction of the moving rail

Lenz’s Law In which direction is the induced magnetic field? a.into the page b.out of the page c.zero, since field is stationary d.in the direction of the moving rail Area of loop (A) is getting bigger so magnetic flux Abcos ɸ increases.

Lenz’s Law

22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction FARADAY’S LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION The average emf induced in a coil of N loops is SI Unit of Induced Emf: volt (V) If the coil makes a closed circuit, a current will flow as a result of the induced emf (potential difference). The negative sign shows that the induced emf is generated in such a direction as to create an induced magnetic field that opposed the change in flux.

22.4 Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction Example 5 The Emf Induced by a Changing Magnetic Field A coil of wire consists of 20 turns each of which has an area of m 2. A magnetic field is perpendicular to the surface. Initially, the magnitude of the magnetic field is T and 0.10s later, it has increased to T. Find the average emf induced in the coil during this time.

22.5 Lenz’s Law LENZ’S LAW The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change.

22.5 Lenz’s Law LENZ’S LAW The induced emf resulting from a changing magnetic flux has a polarity that leads to an induced current whose direction is such that the induced magnetic field opposes the original flux change. Reasoning Strategy 1.Determine whether the magnetic flux that penetrates the coil is increasing or decreasing. 2.Find what the direction of the induced magnetic field must be so that it can oppose the change influx by adding or subtracting from the original field. 3. Use RHR-2 to determine the direction of the induced current.

22.5 Lenz’s Law Conceptual Example 8 The Emf Produced by a Moving Magnet A permanent magnet is approaching a loop of wire. The external circuit consists of a resistance. Find the direction of the induced current and the polarity of the induced emf.

22.5 Lenz’s Law Conceptual Example 9 The Emf Produced by a Moving Copper Ring. There is a constant magnetic field directed into the page in the shaded region. The field is zero outside the shaded region. A copper ring slides through the region. For each of the five positions, determine whether an induced current exists and, if so, find its direction.