SL-HL E1:Stimulus and response Stimuli: A stimulus is a change in the environment (internal or external) that is detected by a receptor, and elicits a.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

E.2 Perception of Stimuli. Four Sensory receptors: 1. Mechanoreceptors Stimulated by some type of pressure 2. Chemoreceptors respond to chemical substances.

Advertisements

Neurobiology and Behaviour Standard Level. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW.

Core (for SL & HL) : E1 – Stimulus and response; E2 – Perception of stimuli; E3 – Innate and learned behaviour & E4 – Neurotransmitters and synapses Additional.

OPTION E E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR. E3.1 D ISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR.  Instinctive – ___________ based  Based on ____________.

E3. Innate and learned behavior E.3.1 Distinguish between innate and learned behavior. Innate behavior develops independently of the environmental context,

Pp What is Behaviour? An activity or action that helps an organism survive in its environment. Example; linking, eating, running, walking,

Ms. TRS Innate vs. Learned Behavior Innate: Inherited from parents Controlled by genes Developed by natural selection Increases chance of survival and.

E.4 Neurotransmitters and Synapses

OPTION E E4 NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND SYNAPSES

OPTION E E4 NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND SYNAPSES

E.4 Neurotransmitters and Synapses. E4.1 Postsynaptic Responses Pre-synaptic neurons can inhibit or excite the post synaptic neuron by releasing excitatory.

Chapter 31 The Nervous System

Part Fundamentals of Physiology Part II Food, Energy, and Temperature Part III Integrating systems Part IV Movement and Muscle Part V Oxygen, Carbon dioxide,

OPTION E E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR. E3.1 D ISTINGUISH BETWEEN INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR.  Instinctive – genetically based  Based on experience.

Option E.4. Assessment Statements  E.4.1 State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission.

Brain and Mind Revision. Stimuli and Responses In order to survive organisms need to monitor and respond to changes in the environment. In order to survive.

Behaviour. Objectives Explain, with reference to their biological significance, what is meant by innate behaviour, instinct and reflex action. Describe.

E.3 Innate and Learned Behavior. E.3.1: Distinguish between innate and learned behavior. Innate: Genetically determined/inherited from parents. No environmental.

Action Potential Action Potential The All-or-none Principle.

Biology Journal 3/11/2014 What do “excitatory” and “inhibitory” mean? Which of these drugs are excitatory, and which are inhibitory? Drug Excitatory or.

Animal Behavior.

The biological Approach. Core assumptions The biological approach suggests that everything psychological is a first biological, so to full understand.

Option E.4 Neurotransmitters & Synapses

E4 Neurotransmitters and synapses

Innate & Learned behaviour. Scientists Ethologists –Study behaviour of animals in their natural environment Patterns of behaviour that affect an animal’s.

29.1 How Organ Systems Communicate QQ 4/14/08 Draw and label a nerve cell include: cell body, dendrite, axon, schwann cell, terminal, synapse.

Upload “Neurotransmitters and Drugs” To eBackpack.

Joe Mallet.  Behaviour: The way organisms respond to the environment and to other members of the same species 1. Innate: Instinctive, automatic, reflex.

Innate behavior is behavior which normally occurs in all members of a species despite natural variation in environmental influences Some texts refer to.

Animal Behavior. Behavior Behavior is action that alters the relationship between an organism and its environment Results from: –An external stimulus.

Neurobiology & Behaviour

 A synapse divides at least 2 (usually more) neurons by ~20nm.  Presynaptic Neurons: carry impulses to the synapse  Postsynaptic Neurons: carry impulses.

E4: Neurotransmitters and Synapses DnlNjuguna ~ DAIS.

October 2,  Nerve cells  Conduct impulses that carry signals  Types  Sensory ▪ Respond to incoming stimuli ▪ Transmit information from senses.

NERVOUS SYSTEM The message must get through…. Functions Control and coordinate functions of the body Respond to internal and external stimuli.

Reflexes L.O: To know what a reflex is and how they work

Sensory Reception. Control in Cells and Organisms Multicellular organisms are able to respond to stimuli that originate both from outside and inside their.

Neurons and The Nervous System.  Biological Psychology  branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior  some biological.

E1 Stimulus and Response. Assessment statements E.1.1 Define the terms stimulus, response and reflex in the context of animal behaviour Define the terms.

Coordination and Response in Plants and Animals Receptors, Effectors and the Central Nervous System.

Section 9.2 Page 418 The Electrochemical Impulse.

Synapse: Is a junction where a axon interacts with another neuron Presynaptic Terminal: End of the axon Postsynaptic Membrane: Membrane of the dendrite.

Option E Neurobiology and Behavior IB Biology SL.

Ch. 31.  collects information about the body’s internal and external environment  processes and responds  Messages allow organs to act together and.

Neurons & the Nervous System Chapter 2: The Brain and Behavior.

Neurons and neural pathways

By Noushin Tabassum.  Innate behavior is inherited from parents and so develops independently of the environment.

NEUROPHYSIOLOGY. OBJECTIVES: Describe resting membrane potential. Explain how action potentials are generated and propagated along nerves. Explain how.

The Reward Pathway.

Innate and Learned Behavior

LO: understand why we respond to stimuli and the different responses

Psychoactive Drugs: THC & Cocaine

Animal Behavior.

Assessment Statements Obj. E4.1 1 E4.2 3 E4.3 E4.4

Innate and Learned Behavior

OPTION E E3 INNATE AND LEARNED BEHAVIOR

Option A.4 Innate & Learned Behavior

A.4 – Innate and learned behavior

A4: Innate and Learned Behaviour

Option A.4 Innate & Learned Behavior

NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND SYNAPSES

E3 Innate and learned behavior

NEUROBIOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR

Neurotransmitters What is a neurotransmitter?

A.5 Neuropharmacology.

Neurotransmitters.

Cells of the Nervous System and Neurotransmitters at Synapses

E.3.1 Distinguish between innate and learned behavior.

Neurobiology/ Behavior Lesson

A.4 Innate and Learned Behavior

Presentation transcript:

SL-HL E1:Stimulus and response Stimuli: A stimulus is a change in the environment (internal or external) that is detected by a receptor, and elicits a response. Response : A response is the activity of a cell or organism in terms of movement, hormone secretion or enzyme production, as a result of a stimulus. A response can be normal response or reflex. Examples? Difference?

Slide 7.23 Week 6PN 1050  Reflex – rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli. A reflex is a rapid, unconscious response.  Reflex arc – direct route from a sensory neuron, to an interneuron, to a motor neuron. Reflex Arc

Neurons and the Reflex Arc

Explain how animal responses can be affected by natural selection, using two examples 1 Genetic variation, 2 Expression of genetic variation in the phenotype. Some phenotypes are better able to survive and reproduce in a particular environment; natural selection operates, determining the survivors and the genes that are perpetuated. As structure of an organism, natural selection is just as applicable to an inherited behavioural trait.

When the European hedgehog detects danger, the first response is to pull the spines down around the back legs and part of the face-leaving only a small gap to peer out from.

SL-HL E2 Perception of stimulus

What are the receptors? For light For chemicals For pressure temperature

Human eye

Rod cellsCone cells

Visual stimuli’, Edge enhancement and Contralateral processing. Edge enhancement

Contalateral processing

Human ear

SL-HL E3 Innate and learned behavior Distinguish between innate and learned behavior. Design experiments to investigate innate behavior in invertebrates’ including either taxis or a kinesis. Analyse data from invertebrate behaviour experiments in terms of the effect on chances of survival and reproduction. Discuss how the process of learning can improve the chance of survival. Outline the role of inheritance and learning in the development of birdsong in young birds.

INNATE (instinctive) BEHAVIOR and LEARNED BEHAVIOR Innate behavior develops independently of the environmental context, whereas learned behavior develops as a result of experience.

INNATE BEHAVIOR IN INVERTEBRATES Most of their actions are reflex. There are two types of invertebrate behavior. 1- Taxis: direction of the stimulus determines the direction of the response. e.g: Planaria moving towards the food (chemotaxis) Euglona moving towards the light (phototaxis)

2- Kinesis: rate of movement is related to the intensity of the stimulus not the direction. Examples: Woodlice, move randomly and quickly in dry conditions, but slow down and stop in a humid area. Hydra that may bring the tentacles in contact with a food source, and which speeds up when a food source is nearby.

Analysis of data from behaviour experiments with non- vertebrate animals How can we analyze this graph?

Bumble bees behavior

Learned behaviour and conditioning When an animal changes its behavior in response to some development in its environment, the change may be due to learning. habituation, Imprinting Conditioning is a form of learning associated with a reward (or punishment).

Pavlov’s experiment

Birds songs

A young bird leaves the nest but does not become sexually mature until the following spring. A male that has been hatched and reared in isolation can sing but not the species specific song. If a young bird hears the adult song but its hearing is blocked before spring it is unable to repeat the song. This means it has to hear its own singing and match what it hears with what was programmed into its memory as a young bird. If a young bird hears the adult song but its hearing is blocked after it has started to sing in the spring it is able to continue to repeat the song correctly even though it can no longer hear itself. There are two learning phases in this bird 1.when it is young 2. start with sexual maturity.

How learning can improve the chance of survival? Learning reduces non-adaptive behavior. Discuss Example?

A horse will avoid touching an electric fence if it is experienced the shock from one. Vervet monkeys have three different warning calls – leopard, snake and eagle.

SL-HL E4 Noeurotransmitters and synapses State that some presynaptic neurons excite postsynaptic transmission and others inhibit postsynaptic transmission. Explain how decision-making in the CNS can result from the interaction between the activities of excitatory and inhibitory presynaptic neurons at synapses. Explain how psychoactive drugs affect the brain and personality by either increasing or decreasing postsynaptic transmission. List three examples of excitatory and three examples of inhibitory psychoactive drugs. Explain the effects of THC and cocaine in terms of their action at synapses in the brain. Discuss the causes of addiction, including genetic predisposition, social factors and dopamine secretion.

Excitory and Inhibitory synapses An action potential will only be generated in the post-synaptic neurone if the combined effects of the excitatory action potentials and inhibitory action potentials exceed the threshold level. This is known as summation, which helps decision making.

The CNS consists of vast numbers of interconnected neurones; in fact, our brain typically contains at least neurones (that is ) linked by synapses.

Psychoactive drugs modify synapses 1. Block removal of neurotransmitters (Cocaine) 2. Mimic neurotransmitter (Nicotine) 3. Block receptor for neurotransmitter 4. Block release of neurotransmitters. (THC) 5. Enhance effect of neurotransmitter (Alcohol) 6. Enhance release of neurotransmitter

The actual effect is determined by whether the synapse is excitory or inhibitory Drug actionNeurotransmitterResult BlocksExcitatoryDepression EnhancesExcitatoryStimulation BlocksInhibitoryStimulation EnhancesInhibitoryDepression

Effect of drugs

EXCITATORY DRUGSINHIBITORY DRUGS NicotineBenzodazepines CocaineAlcohol AmphetaminesTetrahydrocannabinol THC

Cocaine: Blocks removal of neurotransmitters. Dopamine remains in the synaptic gap: increased energy and alertness, more talkative, increases pleasure feeling, blood pressure increases. Gradually body makes less dopamine and becomes dependent on presence of cocaine.