TCR Identification February 13, 2007

The elusive TCR “The study of the T cell receptor has been the subject of many studies, many of which have led to diverse and controversial findings. At the present time, the consensus is that the receptor is not conventional surface Ig as found on B cells.” Unanue and Benacerraf 1984 “The T-cell receptor-the molecule in the T-cell membrane capable of specifically binding antigen-is the San Andreas Fault of immunology: here the plates rub against each other, shifting gradually and unnoticed, and a major “earthquake” may occur at any moment.” Klein 1982 “Few issues in science have proved as difficult to resolve and as subject to contention as the nature of the TCR.” Jean Marx (writer for Science) 1983

Initial lack of success in identifying the TCR IgT-antibodies against an Ig-like molecule on the surface of T cells Identify/clone by homology to immunoglobulin genes

IgT

Identifying the TCR Two overall approaches –cDNA cloning –anti-TCR antibodies, protein Leading laboratories –cDNA:Hedrick/Davis (mouse), Tak Mak (human) –Protein: Kappler/Marrack,Allison, Trowbridge, Reinherz

Isolation of cDNA clones encoding T cell-specific membrane- associated proteins Steve Hedrick, David Cohen, Ellen Nielsen, and Mark Davis Laboratory of Immunology NIAID, NIH

Cytochrome c Model protein with isolates from many different species to study the fine specificity of T cell recognition Ron Schwartz’s laboratory at NIH was a leading investigator studying cytochrome c Canonical response was B10.A mice against pigeon cytochrome c (PCC) A dominant epitope of PCC was identified that was I-E k restricted A heteroclitic response of the same T cells was observed with moth cytochrome c The heteroclitic response was due to the MCC peptide being one AA shorter than PCC, which resulted in an optimal I-E k anchor residue at P9 The response to MCC is oligoclonal and utilizes V  3 and V  11 exclusively

Sequence of TM86 clone reveals an immunoglobulin like molecule

LOCUS A 123 aa linear VRL 26-JUN-1996 DEFINITION T cell receptor VDJbeta ACCESSION A VERSION A GI: DBSOURCE prf: locus A; state: germ; taxonomy: Virus. KEYWORDS T Cell Receptor V beta Gene; Mouse; Seq Determination; 450bp; 96AAs; Use Limited Repertoire of Gene; Somatic Diversification at V-D-J Region; DNA Blot; Single Gene Subfamily; Variability Plot; Hydrophobicity; beta Sheet Potential. SOURCE Murid herpesvirus 1 (Murine cytomegalovirus) ORGANISM Murid herpesvirus 1 Viruses; dsDNA viruses, no RNA stage; Herpesviridae; Betaherpesvirinae; Muromegalovirus. REFERENCE 1 (residues 1 to 123) AUTHORS Barth,R.K., Kim,B.S., Lan,N.C., Hunkapiller,T., Sobieck,N., Winoto,A., Gershenfeld,H., Okada,C., Hansburg,D., Weissman,I.L. and Hood,L. TITLE The murine T-cell receptor uses a limited repertoire of expressed V beta gene segments JOURNAL Nature 316 (6028), (1985) PUBMED COMMENT cDNA. FEATURES Location/Qualifiers source /organism="Murid herpesvirus 1" /db_xref="taxon:10366" Region /region_name="IGv" /note="Immunoglobulin domain variable region (v) subfamily; members of the IGv subfamily are components of immunoglobulins and T-cell receptors; cd00099" /db_xref="CDD:28982" ORIGIN 1 vslclvetal mntkitqspr ylilgranks leceqhlghn amywykqsae kppelmflyn 61 lkqlirnetv psrfipecpd ssklllhisa vdpedsavyf cassqtggnt evffgkgtrl 121 tvv Blast search of TM86 identifies it to be V  1, but cytochrome c responses are all V  3!

Cloning of the human TCR

Complete primary structure of a heterodimeric T-cell receptor deduced from cDNA sequences. * Saito H, * Kranz DM, * Takagaki Y, * Hayday AC, * Eisen HN, * Tonegawa S. Two related, but distinct, cDNA clones have been isolated and sequenced from a functional murine cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clone. The genes corresponding to these cDNA are expressed and rearranged specifically in T cells and both have similarities to immunoglobulin variable and constant region genes. It is concluded that these genes code for the two subunits of the heterodimeric antigen receptor on the surface of the T cell; its complete deduced primary structure is presented. PMID: [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Nature Jun 28-Jul 4;309(5971): Transfection of these two receptors does not recapitulate the specificity of the 2C TCR!

The Major Histocompatibility Complex-restricted on T cells in Mouse and Man: Identification of Constant and Variable Peptides John Kappler, Ralph Kubo, Kathryn Haskins, Charles Hannum, Michele Pigeon, and Pippa Marrack National Jewish Hospital, Denver Brad McIntyre and Jim Allison UT, Smithville-> Berkeley->MSK Ian Trowbridge Salk Institute, La Jolla

Major players in the protein identification of the TCR Kappler and Marrack –Generated monoclonal antibodies against the TCR of ovalbumin specific T cell hybridomas (i.e. DO.11.10) Jim Allison –Generated a monoclonal antibody against a T cell tumor line Ian Trowbridge –Found an anti-TCR in a mouse anti-human T cell monoclonal antibody-retrospectively Ellis Reinherz –Monoclonal against an alloreactive human clone

A T cell name REX “REX line was obtained from a patient with T cell lymphoblastic lymphoma which gave rise to spontaneously growing subclones as isolated by limiting dilution technique.”