Plan for today!  Homework discussion!  Quiz reminder (Wednesday, December 17)  Education in the U.S.  Historical context  Current structure  My experiences in the university system

Homework!  Let’s review a bit  Realism  Liberalism  Constructivism  Can someone tell me about their homework?

Historical Context  The Northwest Land Ordinance of 1787  Enacted by Congress  Created a procedure by which states could be admitted to the Union  Referring to Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan  Mandated that every township set aside one parcel of land for every 36 for a public or “common” school  These became the iconic “little red schoolhouses”

Historical Context  Funding was an important debate!  1820, Congress approved collection of state education funds through sale of public lands  By 1860, most states had adopted the idea of publicly funded, free education and giving local communities control over schools  Morrill Land Grant Act (1862)  Selling public lands to establish colleges  Land-grant schools: 106 today  As America expanded westward, states could only be admitted to the Union if they offered free public education

Historical Context  1890s-1920s  Huge influx of immigrants=huge growth in public schools  1870= 7.6 million students  End of 19 th century=12.7 million  “By the mid-20 th century, the ideal of universal education from kindergarten through high school had become a reality for substantial numbers of Americans. But certainly not for all, especially the nation’s racial minorities.”  -USA Education in Brief

Segregation and Education  Prior to Civil War ( ), African Americans had little access to education  1896  Supreme Court rules that segregated schools are constitutional if they are “separate but equal”  Becomes practice in 17 southern and border states  Outside of south, pattern of housing and population essentially resulted in segregated schools

Brown v. Board of Education  1954 Supreme Court decision  Ruled that “separate education facilities are inherently unequal”  Forced the integration of school  Video

Video  A few things to note before:  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)  Supreme Court case that claimed that “separate but equal” was ok  NAACP=National Association for the Advancement of Colored People  Civil Rights organization  Organized 13 black families that attempted to enroll their kids in school  NAACP then sued when they were turned away

Title I  Title I of Elementary and Secondary School Act (1965)  Further pushed integration  Provided public funds to schools with poor and disadvantaged children, but ONLY if they were not discriminating based on race  Racial imbalance still exists today  As a result of residential patterns, concentration of minorities in urban areas  “The lesson is that although American Education remains committed to principles of equality, it often falls short of the goals in practice.”

Women and Title IV  Equal rights for education for women was focused on universities  Title IV passed in 1972  Banned discrimination on basis of gender in higher education

Structure of the system today  Elementary schools  Kindergarten to 5 th grade  Middle schools  6 th to 8 th grade  High Schools  9 th to 12 th  School attendance to age 16 is compulsory

Structure of the system today  Public v. Private  Private schools include Catholic, Quaker, Islamic, Jewish and Greek Orthodox schools  Also home-schooled children=1.1 million  DECENTRALIZATION  Education is largely a state and local responsibility  How does this connect with America’s founding principles?  Funding  Mostly paid for by local property taxes  “Public education constitutes the single largest expenditure for almost every U.S. city and county”  No national curriculum

More on Decentralization  Although the system works mostly at the local and state level, all levels, including federal, play a role  Local  Elected boards of education  Fund schools with local property taxes  State  Elected boards of education as well  Oversee local education districts  Set standards for students and teachers  Approve curriculum, review textbook selections  Financial: provide aid to supplement taxes  Federal  Provides research and support  Student loans

Universities and Colleges  The United States has the greatest number of young people who receive higher education  4,000+ institutions  2-year community colleges  Technical colleges  4-year institutions  Small liberal arts to big state universities  1/3 of colleges and universities are private  Generally more expensive  Do no receive subsidies from the government

Costs and Competition  Higher education in the U.S, costs $373 billion  College can be expensive  But 7 of 10 students receive some form of financial aid  Grants, loans, work-study  Entrance is competitive  Ivy leagues  ACT/SAT scores, essays

Personal Experience  Choosing a college  Criteria  Out-of-state  Journalism programs  Freshmen programs offered  Financial aid

University of Missouri (Mizzou)  34,000 students  280 Degree programs  19 schools and colleges  School of Journalism  Honors College

University of Missouri (Mizzou)  350 buildings  23 residence halls (dorms)  800+ student organizations  Library system has 3 million print books

Undergraduate Experience  Dorms  Changing majors  Student organizations  Working in college  Study abroad

Homework  Your turn to choose a college in the United States  Research some schools  Maybe famous ones you have heard of (Harvard, Princeton)  Or maybe states you know (University of Texas)  Do you want a big school or small?  What do you want to study?  This is a chance for you to be creative!  I want you to write at least a full page in your news journal, answering the questions I post online.  Due Friday, December 19