The electron pairs surrounding the central atom repel one another and move so far apart from one another that there are no further repulsions between.

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Presentation transcript:

The electron pairs surrounding the central atom repel one another and move so far apart from one another that there are no further repulsions between them. As a result, the molecule has minimum energy and maximum stability.

If the central atom is linked to similar atoms and is surrounded by only bond pairs of electrons, repulsions between them are similar. As a result, the shape of the molecule is symmetrical and the molecule is symmetrical and the molecule is said to have a regular geometry. If the central atom is linked to different atoms or is surrounded by bond pairs as well as lone pairs of electrons, the repulsions between them are different. As a result, the molecule has an irregular or distorted geometry. The order of repulsions between electron pairs is as follows:

Be Cl

Be

120 o o 90 o 180 o Bond Angles

PxPx PyPy PzPz PxPx PyPy PzPz

2s2p x 2p z 2p y 1s sp 3 sp o Promote Hybridize x z y Methane: Carbon

2s2p x 2p z 2p y 1s sp 2 sp 2 sp o Hybridized Formaldehyde: Carbon Promoted 120 o Trigonal Planar 2s + 2p x + 2p z

2s2p x 2p z 2p y 1s sp 2 sp 2 sp o Hybridized Formaldehyde: Oxygen 120 o Trigonal Planar Lone Pairs 2s + 2p x + 2p z

Formaldehyde Sigma bond 2 Lone Pairs  bond

2s2p x 2p z 2p y 1s sp Promoted Hybridized Hydrogen Cyanide: Carbon 2s + 2p x Linear

2s2p x 2p z 2p y 1s sp Hybridized Hydrogen Cyanide: Nitrogen 2s + 2p x Linear

 bond

3s3p x 3p z 3p y 2 Neon 120 o Hybridized Phosphorus Pentachloride: Phosphorus Trigonal Bipyrimidal sp 3 d sp 3 d sp 3 d sp 3 d sp 3 d d xz d yz d xy d x 2 -y 2 d z o 90 o Promoted