Copyright Sautter 2003

SPACITAL ORIENTATION OF ORBITALS IS DESIGNATED BY SUBSCRIPTS FOR THE p, d ORBITALS AND f ORBITALS. S ORBITALS REQUIRE NO DESIGNATION SINCE THERE IS ONLY ONE POSSIBLE S ORBITAL. p ORBITALS OCCUR IN THREES, d ORBITALS IN FIVES AND f ORBITALS IN SEVENS. THEREFORE IN THE CASES OF p, d AND f ORBITALS EACH ONE REQUIRES SPECIFIC IDENTIFICATION IN ORDER TO DIFFERENTIATE ONE ORBITAL OF THE SAME TYPE FROM ANOTHER.

S ORBITAL SHAPE 1S

P ORBITAL SHAPES PXPX PYPY PZPZ

D ORBITAL SHAPES dz 2 dyzdxz dx 2 -y 2

TYPES OF HYBRID ORBITALS & BONDS S ORBITAL OVERLAP SP BONDING SP 2 BONDING SP 3 BONDING LONE PAIR ELECTRONS MULTIPLE BONDS (DOUBLE & TRIPLE) SIGMA BONDS PI BONDS

WHEN TWO HYDROGEN ATOM COMBINE TO FORM H 2 THE 1S ATOMIC ORBITALS OVERLAP EACHOTHER. THIS OVERLAP OF ATOMIC ORBITALS GIVES A NEW COMMON ORBITAL SPACE WHERE A PAIR OF BONDING ELECTRONS CAN RESIDE. THE GREATER THE OVERLAP THE STRONGER THE BOND BETWEEN THE ATOMS AND THE ATOMS MOVE CLOSER TOGETHER. A SHORTER BOND LENGTH AND GREATER BOND ENERGY RESULTS.

1S ORBITAL OVERLAP IN H 2 1S H H

SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN CH 4

SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN H 2 O LONE ELECTRONS PAIRS

END TO END OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS YIELDS SIGMA BONDS. (  = SIGMA BONDING)

SP 3 HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 6 SIGMA BOND

SIDEWAYS OVERLAP OF HYBRID ORBITALS IN THE FORMATION OF DOUBLE AND TRIPLE BONDS YIELDS PI BONDS. THE PRIMARY BOND IN A MULTIPLE BOND IS A SIGMA BOND AND THE SECONDARY BONDING IS PI BONDING. (  = PI BONDING)

SP 2 HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 4 PI BOND SIGMA BOND

SP HYBRID ORBITALS IN C 2 H 2 PI BOND SIGMA BOND PI BOND