Center of Excellence PEACE OPERATIONS ROLE OF THE MILITARY IN UN OPERATIONS IN UN OPERATIONS Col (Ret) Peter Leentjes Center of Excellence in Disaster Management and Humanitarian Assistance

Center of Excellence u War Fighting u Real Enemy u Rules well known u Unlimited application of force u Doctrinal preparation u Clear Military Objectives u Complete training u Fight to win - as units PEACE WAR CONFLICT

Center of Excellence u War Fighting u Real Enemy u Rules well known u Unlimited application of force u Doctrinal preparation u Clear Military Objectives u Complete training u Fight to win-as units u Political operations u No enemy u No rules (factions) u Restricted application of force u Individuals impact on mission u High levels of civilian components u Mediation - negotiation u Financial Constraints PEACE WAR CONFLICT Peace Operations

Center of Excellence PEACE WAR CONFLICT Fire&Movement Peace Operations  Communication  Negotiation  Presence  Potential combat  Fire & Movement

Center of Excellence Military Role Achieving Peacekeeping Mission End State Objectives u Cause related military objectives to be achieved u Support other components as directed u Assist other components achieve their objectives Priorities and sequence of military activities will be determined from these roles Direct u Achieve assigned military objectives Indirect

Center of Excellence OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE TO THE FORCE COMMANDER u Issued to Military Force Commander u Derived from Mandate u Strategic- Political Guidance u Developed by Military Advisor u Signed by Under Secretary General Peacekeeping

Center of Excellence REPORTING CHAIN u Force Commander reports through SRSG Head of Mission (HOM) –Mandated Activities Military Component u Consults with SRSG areas with political or policy consequences u Technical link Military Advisor DPKO for military matters (informing SRSG) u Does not deal with Member States

Special Representative of the Secretary-General Deputy SRSG Force Commander Chief Administrative Officer Head Civilian Police Component Head Humanitarian Assistance Component Chief Military Observer Head Election Component Human Rights Secretary-General Security Council

Center of Excellence COALITION OR LEAD NATION PEACEKEEPING STRUCTURE Coalition Nations UN HQ Military Force Other Nation Forces Lead Nation Forces Lead Nation Other Nation Forces Security Council

Center of Excellence CONCURRENT UN MISSION & COALITION PEACEKEEPING FORCE STRUCTURES Coalition Nations UN HQ Military Force Other Nation Troops Lead Nation Troops Lead Nation Other Nation Troops SRSG Deputy SRSG Human Rights Humanitarian Election Police Administrative Observer Force Security Council

Center of Excellence Military Role in Peace Operations SRSG Deputy ElectionsHumanitariansCIVPOLMilitary Force Assigned/ Derived Military Tasks Security training support Security on sites / protection / transport / medical assistance to the election process Reconstruction Development Secure environment / engineering /transport / materiel assistance to the reconstruction process emergency medical Security / protection / transport Manage the Mandate Coordinate Effort of Components Provide Unity of Effort assistance to long term development

Center of Excellence Strategic Level Issues in International Peacekeeping u Each mission varies in structure & evolves over time u Functionally UN not always lead organization u National contingents often respond first to national chains of command u Partners will have different strategic control processes u Multi-agency relationships complex u Tension between multiple contending international organizations u Coordination, consensus, & cooperation best built from bottom

Center of ExcellenceMULTINATIONAL/PEACEKEEPINGFORCE xx x x I I NATIONALCOMMAND AND CONTROL II I I MULTINATIONALFUNCTIONALSPECIALISTS PUBLICAFFAIRSPUBLICAFFAIRS CIVILINFRASTRUCTURECIVILINFRASTRUCTURE HUMANITARIANSUPPORTHUMANITARIANSUPPORT ECONOMICS AND COMMERCE ECONOMICS CULTURALAFFAIRSCULTURALAFFAIRS OPCON OPCON OPCON NATIONAL SUPPORT II I I COMMAND RELATIONSHIPS

Center of Excellence National Command “The exercise of command by National authorities over National forces deployed in support of peace operations” “Nations never cede full command authority over deployed forces except in unusual circumstance”

Operational Level Command & Control Issues u Modern peacekeeping - complex, non-traditional military missions, qualitatively different from war- fighting u Involve political action as much as military u Success depends on working effectively with a wide variety of institutions/organizations u Requires equally effective command & control (C 2) as combat missions u Traditional C 2 language, concepts, approaches & doctrine may not be appropriate for organizational & institutional arrangements in peace operations

Center of Excellence Multi-National Peacekeeping Forces Problems Areas u Added complexity to operations u Multi-National HQs generated u National command issues create difficulties u Generally exceed span of control u Decision making is slow u Consensus creation takes time u Standards, force capability & levels of military training vary u Differences in language, tradition, doctrine & culture impact on operations

Center of Excellence When There Is a Lack of Confidence Forces will: u Operate under variety employment restrictions u Maintain direct contact with national governments for direction u Negotiate missions; not accept assigned ones

Center of Excellence Keeping It Simple u Watchword in peacekeeping operations – difficult to achieve u Different levels of sophistication in weapons, equipment, training, communications, language,etc u Use a combination of tools: –Assign geographical & functional responsibilities –Assign forces together with history of working together –Assign missions that task to capacities –Be sensitive to home governments concerns u Making simple plans within a coalition requires sophisticated and complex decision making and coordination

Command and Control Problems u Staffs will often work at multiple levels u Span of control often exceeded u Multiplicity of lines of command u Consultation with national authorities u Size of headquarters u Absence of standards and common doctrine u Variation in forces capacities

Future Peace Operations u Complexity of all aspects of peace operations will remain prominent feature u Military C 2 part of a larger set of “command” arrangements u Command arrangements will remain cumbersome and decentralized u Assigned forces may not share common doctrine, language or standards

Center of Excellence Future Peace Operations (continued) u Complex non-traditional missions as much political as military u To achieve success need to work effectively with –Wide variety of institutions and organizations –Foreign governments –Non-national political actors –International organizations –NGOs –National government agencies –Foreign military forces u Require sound command and control u Traditional C2 concepts, approaches and doctrine may not be well suited