B Allen Bio 21 Chapter 10 Blood Composition Formed elements Cells Plasma Fluid

B Allen Bio 22 Plasma 90% water 10% solutes Ions, e.g., Na +, Cl -, Ca ++ Nutrients, e.g., simple sugars, amino acids, lipids Wastes, e.g., urea, ammonia, CO 2 Miscellaneous: O 2, hormones, vitamins, plasma proteins

B Allen Bio 23 Plasma proteins Albumin Helps control osmotic pressure Helps control diffusion of water (recall edema) Globulin Includes antibodies (Abs) Transport proteins (lipids, iron, copper, etc.) Fibrinogen Involved in clotting

B Allen Bio 24 Serum Plasma with clotting factors removed Let blood sit, pour off supernatant

B Allen Bio 25 Formed elements RBCs (erythrocytes) WBCs (leukocytes) Granulocytes Agranulocytes Blood smear Light microscope Stained

B Allen Bio 26 Erythrocytes 7-8  m diameter Biconcave disc shape  surface area  efficiency for diffusion of O2 & CO2 (17.3)

B Allen Bio 27 Erythrocytes Structure Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Hemoglobin Binds CO O 2 & CO 2 No nucleus or organelles (17.3)

B Allen Bio 28 Erythrocytes Flexible Elastic day life span Originate in bone marrow

B Allen Bio 29 Leukocytes (WBCs) Part of defense system Protect against bacteria, viruses, parasites Attracted to sites of infection Diapedesis: leave capillary by squeezing between endothelial cells Ameboid movement Travel toward infection Originate in bone marrow Granulocytes / agranulocytes

B Allen Bio 210 Diapedesis

B Allen Bio 211 Granulocytes WBCs with granules in cytoplasm Visible with LM, what is a LM? Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Phagocytic Larger than RBCs Lobed nuclei

B Allen Bio 212 Neutrophils 60% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Light staining granules Digestive enzymes Function Phagocytize & destroy bacteria First cells to respond to infection Secrete antibacterial chemicals Phagocytize & digest bacteria

B Allen Bio 213 Eosinophils 1-4% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Eosin-staining granules Phagocytize allergen-Ab complexes Secrete antihistamine Attack parasites

B Allen Bio 214 Basophils 0.5% of WBCs Lobed nucleus Large granules stained dark purple Granules Histamine – creates inflammation in allergic reaction

B Allen Bio 215 Lymphocytes Agranulocyte 20-45% of WBCs Spherical, dark-staining nucleus Thin rim of blue staining cytoplasm Each lymphocyte recognizes and acts against a specific antigen

B Allen Bio 216 Lymphocytes T lymphocytes can attack foreign cells directly (17.6)

B Allen Bio 217 Lymphocytes B lymphocytes transform into plasma cells and secrete antibodies (17.6b)

B Allen Bio 218 Monocytes Agranulocyte 4-8% of WBCs Horseshoe shaped nucleus Grey-blue stained cytoplasm Become wandering macrophages after diapedesis

B Allen Bio 219 Platelets (thrombocytes) Fragments of megakaryocytes in bone marrow Attracted to hemorrhage Plugs leaks Promotes constriction of blood vessel Triggers inflammation Initiates clotting reaction

B Allen Bio 220 Platelets SEM of a clot with platelet, fibrin mesh, rbc’s ~17.7

B Allen Bio 221 Sickle cell disease Genetic condition 1 nucleotide substitution 1 amino acid substitution Hbs With low O 2 Hbs polymerizes Creates “sickle” shape 17.10ab

B Allen Bio 222 Sickle cell disease  flexibility  fragility  blood viscosity  O 2  sickling “crisis” Painful ischemia Lack of O b