THE REFORMATION

The Protestant Reformation

1. The Protestant Reformation a. Dissatisfaction with the Church i. Unhappy with taxes ii. Disapproved Indulgences 1. Approved by Pope Leo X 2. Indulgences were pardons issued by the pope that people could buy to reduce a soul’s time in purgatory iii. Disapproved other church practices iv. Growth of Nationalism 1. People became more loyal to their nation or state than to the church

b. Early Reformers i. John Wycliffe 1. Born in England around Believed the earth should give up earthly possessions

ii. Jan Hus 1. Born in Southern Bohemia in Preached against the immortality and worldliness of the Catholic Church 3. Was excommunicated by Pope Gregory XII 4. Later arrested, tried for heresy and burned at the stake

2. Martin Luther a. Ninety-five Theses i. Luther denied that Indulgences had any power to remit sin ii. Criticized the power of the pope iii. Criticized the wealth of the Church 1. Theses was intended for church leaders 2. Nailing them to the door was common practice 3. Intended to stimulate discussion among the intellectuals

b. Luther’s Message i. He contradicted basic Catholic belief when he insisted that God’s grace cannot be won by good works 1. Believed all that was needed was faith ii. Declared the only head of the Christian Church was Jesus Christ

iii. Insisted that individual Christians should be their own interpreters of the scripture 1. To prove this point, translated the Bible into German iv. Christian practices should only come from the Bible

c. Reactions to Luther i. 1520, Pope Leo X excommunicated Luther ii. 1521, Diet of Worms 1. Summoned to appear before the Holy Roman Emperor and the German Assembly 2. Edict of Worms a. Declared Luther an outlaw and condemned his writings b. Did not prevent Luther’s ideas from spreading iii. 1530, Lutheranism was formally recognized branch of Christianity

3. Spread of Protestantism a. Ulrich Zwingli i. Born in Switzerland ii. Preached ideas similar to Luther, however his reforms went even further than Luther’s iii. Established a church based on the idea of a theocracy iv. Protestants and Catholics went to war over this v. Zwingli died in battle in 1531

b. John Calvin i. Most important Protestant reformer, next Luther ii. Preached the doctrine of predestination 1. Holds that God knows who will be saved before people are born, and therefore guides the lives of those destined for salvation

iii. Took root in Geneva, Switzerland; city became a theocracy iv. Calvinist viewed people as sinful by nature and enacted strict laws that regulated people’s behavior v. In Geneva church attendance was mandatory

4. Protestantism spreads to England a. A King’s Protest i. Henry VIII 1. Became king in 1509, at the age of Was a devout Catholic , he asked for an annulment a. His wife, Catherine of Argon, had only produced one child, which was girl named Mary b. He did not believe she would have a son 4. Pope would not agree to the annulment

b. The Reformation Parliament i. Henry summoned the Parliament ii. Parliament declared that England no longer considered itself under the authority of the pope iii. Henry VII became the head of the Church of England 1. He closed Catholic monasteries and convents and distributed land among the nobles

iv. Henry married Anne Boleyn 1. Parliament declared that Henry’s marriage to Catherine null and void 2. Anne gave Henry another daughter named Elizabeth v. Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy in This required subjects to take an oath declaring Henry VIII to be “Supreme Head of the Church of England”

c. Henry’s Heirs i. He had a total of six wives ii. Third, wife Jane Seymore, gave Henry a male heir, his named, Edward VI iii. Edward VI 1. Took the throne in 1547 at the age of 9, died before the age of 16

iv. Mary 1. Henry’s first daughter, becomes Queen of England 2. Returned England to the authority of the pope 3. Earned the title, Bloody Mary, because of how many people she killed for their protestant beliefs

d. Elizabeth’s Reign i. Elizabeth I 1. 1 st act was the new Supremacy Act of Persecuted anyone who worshiped as Catholic 3. Firmly established the Church of England

The Counter Reformation

1. Reforming the Catholic Church a. Early Reformers i. Girolano Savonarola 1. He preached against the abuses of the church 2. Called for churches to melt their gold and silver to buy bread for the hungry and poor members of the Church 3. Would eventually be excommunicated He was executed in Florence

b. Jesuits i. Their work renewed the churches emphasis on spirituality and service ii. Their name means the Society of Jesus iii. Order was founded in 1534, by Ignatuis of Loyola 1. Approved by the pope in 1539

iv. Emphasized obedience to the church above all else v. Concentrated on education as a means to combat the Protestant Reformation 1. Established missions, schools, and universities

c. The Council of Trent i. Convened by Pope Paul III in Met off and on until 1563 ii. Clarified Catholic teaching on important issues 1. Addressed the corruption of the clergy 2. Training of priests was regulated 3. Financial abuse curbed 4. Sales of indulgences abolished

iii. Rejected emphasis on self-discipline and individual faith, made by the Protestants 1. Believed church could help believers achieve salvation by using mystery and magnificent ceremonies to inspire faith iv. Pronouncements of the Council of Trent meant that there would be no compromise between Protestants and Catholics

d. Reforming Catholics i. Charles Barromeo 1. Archbishop of Milan ( ) 2. Took action to implement reforms ordered by the council, i.e. built new schools for the education of priests

ii. Francis of Sales 1. Regained the district of Savoy, that had turned to Calvinism 2. Founded a religious teaching order for women

e. Women and the Church i. Women in religious orders began to take on more active roles in the Church ii. Teresa of Avila 1. Became a nun at the age of Had her own strict rules regarding fasting, prayers and sleep 3. Founded the Carmelite orders 4. Her reported visions of Christ and Catholic faith inspired many to remain Catholic

f. The Inquisition i. Church court meant to counter the Reformation 1. Court was called the Roman Inquisition (1542) ii. Tried people accused on being Protestant iii. Spanish monarchs set up the Spanish Inquisition in 1478, it was much hasher than the Roman Inquisition 1. Imposed religious uniformity on converted Muslims, Jews and later Protestants iv. Index of Forbidden Books 1. A list of books that the Church warned people not to read

2. Religious and Social Effects a. Changes in Religion i. Catholicism spread elsewhere i.e. North America, this was due mostly to the Jesuits ii. Religious turmoil increased iii. Martin Luther’s theses opened the door to religious freedom

b. Persecution and Hysteria i. Both Jews and Muslims were forced to convert or leave Spain ii. Jews moved into Southern and Eastern Europe 1. In some places Jews were forced to live in a particular part of the city called a ghetto iii. People feared witchcraft 1. Accused people of practicing witchcraft 2. Penalty was death

c. Political Effects i. Rising sense of national identity ii. Protestant Reformation, indirectly encouraged the formation of independent states and nations

3. Religious Wars and Unrest a. Italian Wars i. 1527, the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V sacked Rome ii. 1558, the Italian Wars ended iii. Significance 1. Credited with expanding the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe

b. Conflicts among Germans i. 1524, tens of thousands of Germans stormed castles and monasteries 1. Known as the Peasant ‘s Rebellion a. Were unhappy with high taxes and lack of power ii. 1546, Charles V began a war with the Lutheran Princes of Germany iii. War eventually waned and The Peace of Augsburg was signed in Allowed each prince to choose the religion that his subjects would practice

c. Conflicts between Religions i. Huguenots (French Protestants) fought against Catholics ii. Henry of Navarre 1. He was a Huguenot 2. When he became king, he brought stability to France by converting to Catholicism , he issued the Edict of Nantes a. Granted religious freedom for Huguenots