JFK: Foreign Policy Bay of Pigs 1961, Berlin Wall 1962, Cuban Missile Crisis 1963, Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

JFK: New Frontier Reform at home and victory abroad Increase in defense and space spending Decrease in unemployment Failed to redistribute income evenly Few of his proposals made into law Tries to get civil rights bills passed into laws in Congress, but stalled.

Civil Rights Groups SCLC- Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Montgomery Bus Boycotts & Birmingham protests SNCC- Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee, sit-ins and voting registrations during Freedom Summer (focused on AL & MS) believed North would pay more attention if white kids were targeted; eventually led by Stokeley Carmichael who dismisses nonviolence advocated “black power” CORE- Congress on Racial Equality,

JFK: Civil Rights 1961 CORE & Freedom Rides 1962 University of Mississippi and James Meredith- sent 3000 federal troops to protect his right to attend class 1963 Birmingham riots, 16 th street Baptist Church bombing, University of Alabama and George Wallace, March on Washington (for an end to discrimination bill to be passed) 200,000 black & white supporters Young African Americans were losing patience with slow progress towards equality and continued violence against peaceful protests.

LBJ: Great Society Reduced income taxes Economic Opportunity Act- to prevent job discrimination “War on Poverty”- Head Start, Job Corps, Medicare, Medicaid, Higher Education Act, etc. pg. 975 Increase in consumer spending Decrease in unemployment Minimum wage from $1.25 to $1.40

LBJ: Civil Rights Civil Rights Act of outlawed segregation in public accommodations and gave government powers to end school segregation Black Panthers- militant & advocated self-rule for American blacks; “get whitey” 1964 Freedom Summer- registered 1200 Malcolm X v. MLK 1965 Selma March to Montgomery (voting rights), Watts Riots- 34 dead and burned 700 bldgs. Voting Rights Act of ended literacy tests 24 th Amendment (outlawed poll tax) 1968 MLK, Jr. assassinated

Warren Court: A few of the most important cases of Earl Warren Brown v. Board of Education 1954 Baker v. Carr 1962-manipulating voting districts Engel v. Vital no prayer in school Gideon v. Wainwright 1963-provide counsel in felony cases Miranda v. Arizona rights of accused