ENZYMES In the Biology unit on Digestion, You’ve studied enzymes, and how they breakdown foods so that our bodies can absorb them. In the Biology unit on Digestion, You’ve studied enzymes, and how they breakdown foods so that our bodies can absorb them. This presentation will review enzymes and show how they are involved in: This presentation will review enzymes and show how they are involved in:Biotechnology

A Digestive Enzyme: How does it work? This diagram explains how a digestive enzyme can break a food molecule into smaller molecules during digestion

Enzymes are Catalysts Enzymes allow certain chemical reactions to occur much more easily by combining temporarily with particular molecules. (see diagram) Enzymes allow certain chemical reactions to occur much more easily by combining temporarily with particular molecules. (see diagram) For example, A food molecule can break apart more easily while combined with a digestive enzyme,. (the food molecule is the substrate in this case) For example, A food molecule can break apart more easily while combined with a digestive enzyme,. (the food molecule is the substrate in this case) Enzymes increase the efficiency of digestion. In fact digestion of food can’t occur without digestive enzymes. Enzymes increase the efficiency of digestion. In fact digestion of food can’t occur without digestive enzymes. Each food molecule can only be broken down by its special enzyme Each food molecule can only be broken down by its special enzyme

What are Catalysts? Catalysts are chemicals that cause certain chemical reactions to occur faster and at lower temperatures. Catalysts are chemicals that cause certain chemical reactions to occur faster and at lower temperatures. Catalysts can be reused after the reaction is over. Catalysts can be reused after the reaction is over. Examples of catalysts: Platinum: catalytic converters on autos etc. Platinum: catalytic converters on autos etc. Magnesium Dioxide: (breaks down peroxide used in bleaching fabrics) Magnesium Dioxide: (breaks down peroxide used in bleaching fabrics) Enzymes: (protein molecules that act as catalysts) Nearly all reactions that occur in living cells require enzymes. Without them, life would be impossible Enzymes: (protein molecules that act as catalysts) Nearly all reactions that occur in living cells require enzymes. Without them, life would be impossible

Enzymes and Biotechnology As well as controlling the chemical reactions in our bodies and in all other life, enzymes are now used for many other purposes. As well as controlling the chemical reactions in our bodies and in all other life, enzymes are now used for many other purposes. Enzymes are used in “Biotechnology” Biotechnology is a big word with a simple meaning. Enzymes are used in “Biotechnology” Biotechnology is a big word with a simple meaning. Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. (Wikepedia) Biotechnology is technology based on biology, especially when used in agriculture, food science, and medicine. (Wikepedia)technologybiologyagriculturefood sciencemedicinetechnologybiologyagriculturefood sciencemedicine

Old Biotechnologies People have used plants and animals for food and other purposes for thousands of years (wheat, maize or corn, cattle, horses, dogs, potatoes, etc.) People have used plants and animals for food and other purposes for thousands of years (wheat, maize or corn, cattle, horses, dogs, potatoes, etc.) People have improved these plants and animals and the products that come from them People have improved these plants and animals and the products that come from them

Examples of products produced by ancient (and modern biotech) Food.. Meats, Grains, Vegetables, cheese Food.. Meats, Grains, Vegetables, cheese Clothing.. furs, leather, cotton, wool Clothing.. furs, leather, cotton, wool Beverages.. wine, beer (produced by microbes) Beverages.. wine, beer (produced by microbes) Medicines.. Seneca, willow bark (aspirin) Medicines.. Seneca, willow bark (aspirin)

Modern Biotechnology and Enzymes Old biotechnologies often involved enzymes, but people didn’t know it. (wine, beer, cheese, leathers,) Old biotechnologies often involved enzymes, but people didn’t know it. (wine, beer, cheese, leathers,) In modern biotech, we deliberately use enzymes because of their many abilities such as operating at lower temp, being reusable, only affecting their target reaction In modern biotech, we deliberately use enzymes because of their many abilities such as operating at lower temp, being reusable, only affecting their target reaction

Examples of Enzymes in Biotech Baking: Cause the breakdown of starch in the flour to sugar. Yeast action on sugar produces carbon dioxide. Used in production of white bread, buns, and rolls. Cause the breakdown of starch in the flour to sugar. Yeast action on sugar produces carbon dioxide. Used in production of white bread, buns, and rolls.

Baby Foods Trypsin predigests protein for baby foods Trypsin predigests protein for baby foods Brewing Industry Proteases remove cloudiness in stored beer Proteases remove cloudiness in stored beer Amylase used to breakdown starches in the malt Amylase used to breakdown starches in the malt Barley for making beer Barley for making beer

Cheese Rennin from the stomachs of calves and lambs used to break down milk proteins to make cheese Rennin from the stomachs of calves and lambs used to break down milk proteins to make cheese Lipase, used to produce the flavours in blue cheeses Lipase, used to produce the flavours in blue cheeses

Pulp and Paper Amylases: Breakdown starches in the paper Amylases: Breakdown starches in the paper Xylanase: reduces the amount of bleach used to lighten the paper Xylanase: reduces the amount of bleach used to lighten the paper

Biofuels 3D view of Cellulase Cellulases:Break down plant matter into sugars that can be fermented into alcohol that can be used to make “Gas-ohol” fuel. Cellulases:Break down plant matter into sugars that can be fermented into alcohol that can be used to make “Gas-ohol” fuel.

Biological Detergent Amylases, Proteases, Lipases to breakdown protein, oil, fat and starch stains. Amylases, Proteases, Lipases to breakdown protein, oil, fat and starch stains. Enzymes help replace phosphates which were a major pollutant in old detergents. (Phosphates cause algae problems in Lake Winnipeg) Enzymes help replace phosphates which were a major pollutant in old detergents. (Phosphates cause algae problems in Lake Winnipeg)

Molecular Biology Various enzymes are used in genetic engineering Various enzymes are used in genetic engineering important in drug manufacturing, agriculture and medicine. important in drug manufacturing, agriculture and medicine. Essential for many processes in molecular biology Essential for many processes in molecular biology Molecular biology is also important in forensic science. Molecular biology is also important in forensic science. DNA Model