Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Introduction to Biological Process Engineering CP504 – ppt_Set 01 - learn about the need of biological process engineering - learn about the role of C&P engineering in it

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Reference texts used for CP504 ppt preparation: 1)Lee JM, 1992, Biochemical Engineering, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 2)Shuler ML and Kargi F, 2005, Bioprocess Engineering - Basic Concepts, Second Edition, New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India 3)Aiba S, Humphrey AE and Millis NF, 1973, Biochemical Engineering, Second Edition, New York & London: Academic Press

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov Biological process engineering is about the application of chemical and process engineering principles to study about the kinetics of bioreactions, design of bioreactors and recovery bioproducts. - Bioreactions are reactions involving living cells (such as bacteria, fungi and molds) or cellular components (such as enzymes). - Biological process engineering is used in chemical industry (lactic acid, acetic acid, ethanol, etc.), foods industry (yogurt, beer, etc.) and pharmaceutical industry.

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 RAW MATERIALS UPSTREAM PROCESSES Inoculum Preparation Equipment Sterilization BIOREACTOR - FERMENTER Reaction Kinetics and Bioactivity Transport Phenomena and Fluid Properties DOWNSTREAM PROCESSES Separation Recovery and Purification THE BOTTOM LINE REGULATIONECONOMICS HEALTH AND SAFETY Waste Recovery, Reuse and Treatment Instrumentation and Control Media Formulation and Sterilization Genaralized view of bioprocess:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Penicillin is an example of the need and success of biological process engineering.

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov In 1928, Alexander Fleming was trying to isolate the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus (which causes boils) - He did it by growing the bacterium on the surface of a nutrient solution - One of the dishes was contaminated by a common mold of the Penicillium genus (Penicillium notatum) Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov It did not allow the bacterium, Staphylococcus aureus, to grow close to its colony - Fleming realized that Penicillium notatum had antimicrobial properties - So that was the discovery of penicillin Penicillium notatum colony Staphylococcus aureus colony Penicillin:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov Fleming grew the mold, extracted it and managed to obtain tiny quantities of penicillin - Large-scale production was not possible for another decade to come (why?) - Fermentation process was not successful for large-scale production - low rate of production required large reactors - diluted product (1 ppm) was difficult to recover - too fragile and unstable to purify and recover - chemical synthesis was tried for commercial production, which was however not a commercial success - went back to fermentation process for large-scale production Penicillin:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov a better medium (corn steep liquor-lactose based medium) was developed to increase productivity by 10 fold - A new strain Penicillium chrysogenum was used - progress involved better understanding of mold physiology metabolic pathways penicillin structure methods of mutation and selection process control reactor design - a chemical engineer and a microbiologist were assigned to work together on the engineering and biology aspects, respectively - biological process engineering was born Large-scale production of Penicillin:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Large-scale production of Penicillin: Penicillium chrysogenum Fermentation tanks Seed fermenter Surge tanks Rotary filter Nutrient tanks Spent mold Centrifugal extractor Solvent Spent solvent Purification column Centrifugal extractor Spent solvent Evaporator Slurry Crystal wash Evaporator Crystalline potassium penicillin Mix tank Solvent Mix tank Procaine, HCl solution Centrifuge Solvent Screen Vacuum freeze dryer Procaine penicillin product

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 Typical bioreactor flowsheet:

Prof. R. Shanthini 09 Nov 2012 You could learn about biological systems for the production of commercial goods and services (such as foods, drugs, chemicals, fuels, equipment, diagnostics, and waste treatment) in the literature.