State Standard 4F. Relate animal adaptations, including behaviors, to the ability to survive stressful environmental conditions. Animal Adaptations (31.1 & 31.2)

BEHAVIOR  Behavior is anything an animals does in ____________ to a stimulus.  A stimulus can be __________ or __________. Animal Behavior Chapter 31  Behavior results from the interaction of ____________ based behaviors and behaviors based on ____________.

 AKA ____________ Behavior  ____________ Based  Behavior commonly observed among a large number of individuals within a population, even if the environments are different.  Includes ____________ responses as well as ____________ behaviors Animal Behavior Chapter 31 INNATE BEHAVIOR

 A __________ is a simple, automatic response that requires no thinking. Animal Behavior Chapter 31 INNATE BEHAVIOR - Automatic A human baby demonstrating the Moro Reflex

 More ____________ than reflex but still does not have to be learned. Animal Behavior Chapter 31 INNATE BEHAVIOR - Instinctive A peacock fanning his feathers to attract a mate

 Attempt to adopt & control a physical area against others of the __________ species.  Territories are usually defended by ____________ in order to increase their chance of obtaining adequate food, mates, & places to rear their offspring.  Reduces __________, controls population, & decreases competition.  Animals sometimes use ____________, verbal, & ____________ signals to defend territory. Animal Behavior Chapter 31 INNATE BEHAVIOR - Territorial

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Migratory  Seasonal ____________ of a species.  Animals that engage in migratory behaviors increase their chances of survival by searching out new __________ sources. Animal Behavior Chapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Foraging  Foraging successfully means obtaining needed nutrients, while avoiding ____________ and ____________ foods. Animal Behavior  Natural selection favors individuals whose foraging behaviors use the least amount of energy to obtain the maximum amount of energy possible. Chapter 31

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Hibernation  Physiological changes during ________ to reduce the need for energy.  Body _____. drops.  ____________ consumption decreases.  ____________ rate decreases. Animal Behavior Chapter 31 A hibernating dormouse

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Estivation  Reduced metabolism rate due to extreme __________, long periods of __________, or lack of __________. Animal Behavior Chapter 31 During estivation, an earthworm rolls itself into a ball.

INNATE BEHAVIOR - Nurturing  When parents provide ________ to their offspring in the early stages of development, they are engaging in nurturing behaviors. Animal Behavior  This includes providing food, protection, and skills needed for survival.  Animal species that spend __________ nurturing young often produce fewer offspring than animals that do not nurture. Chapter 31

LEARNED BEHAVIOR  ____________ behaviors result from an interaction between innate behaviors and past ____________ within a particular environment. Animal Behavior Chapter 31

 Habituation is the decrease in an animal’s ____________ after repeatedly being exposed to a stimulus that has no positive or negative effects. LEARNED BEHAVIOR - Habituation  Sometimes, animals learn over time that a potentially important stimulus deserves little or no ____________. Animal Behavior Chapter 31

LEARNED BEHAVIOR - Imprinting  Can only occur w/in a ____________ time period in the animal’s life & is permanent.  Some animals form a social attachment to the first object they ________ after birth. Animal Behavior  Other animals imprint on the ____________ composition of the water in which they are hatched. Chapter 31

ADAPTATIONS FOR DEFENSE - Mechanical  incorporated into the ____________ structure of the organism.  Ex: claws, sharp teeth, stingers, protective or warning coloring Chapter 31 A poisonous frog

ADAPTATIONS FOR DEFENSE - Chemical  Mainly for avoiding predators.  Neurotoxins, venoms, & ____________ Chapter 31 The Indian Red Scorpion is rated the most lethal in the world.