Chapter 21: Revolutions in Europe and Latin America Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Summary: Conflicts arose in Europe between people with opposing systems of thought and belief

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, European leaders tried to return Europe to the way it had been before the French Revolution These leaders were part of a group called the Conservatives

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Conservatives included monarchs, noble landowners and church leaders Conservatives wanted to return the kings of Europe to power and restore historic social classes Conservative ideas also appealed to peasants who wanted to preserve traditional ways

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Liberals disagreed with the ideas of the conservatives Liberals included members of the middle class Many Liberal ideas came from the Enlightenment

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Liberals wanted governments to be based on written constitutions They believed that people had Natural Rights Disagreements between conservatives and liberals led to 30 years of turmoil in Europe

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies Another challenge to the conservatives came from the Nationalists Nationalists believed that each national group should have its own country For centuries, European rulers had won and lost territory in war

Section 1: An Age of Ideologies European rulers passed lands back and forth, from one country’s control to another By 1825, several European empires included people from many different nationalities Nationalists wanted to create their own homelands During the 1800s, nationalist groups across Europe revolted against the empires

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Summary: Social and political discontent sparked revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europe

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 In 1815, the Congress of Vienna put a king back in power in France In 1830, King Charles X began to act like an Absolute Ruler, and liberals and radicals revolted Charles fled Liberals then set up a constitutional monarchy

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 By the 1840s, France faced an economic and political crisis Workers lost their jobs and bread prices rose The people accused the government of corruption Once again the French revolted In 1848, the French set up a Republic

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 As in 1789, people throughout Europe heard of the French revolutions of 1830 and 1848. The French success inspired other groups to act

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Liberals wanted protection for their rights They also demanded more power Workers wanted relief from the suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution Nationalists hoped for independence from foreign rulers

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Across Europe, uprisings occurred in 1848 In the Austrian Empire, Hungarian, Italian and Czech nationalist groups demanded independence In the German states, peasants burned the homes of wealthy landowners while students demanded reforms

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 For the most part, the revolts were short-lived Revolutionaries failed to achieve their goals because powerful government forces crushed them

Section 2: Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 However, even when they failed, the revolutionaries frightened the rulers Later on, many of these frightened rulers began to agree to reforms

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence Summary: Enlightenment ideas, revolutions in other lands and dissatisfaction with European rule caused revolutions in Latin America

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence By the late 1700s, revolutionary ideas spread from Europe to Latin America The French colony of Haiti was the first to revolt Nearly half a million enslaved Africans worked their on French sugar plantations

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence In 1791, Toussaint L’Ouverture led the Haitian slaves in revolt After a long and difficult struggle, the slaves won their freedom, and soon Haiti declared its independence

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence In the Spanish colonies, many groups were unhappy that social and political life was dominated by Peninsulares Creoles wanted power for themselves Mestizos and Mulattoes were angry about how the Spanish treated them Enslaved Africans wanted freedom

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence In the 1700s, educated Creoles read about Enlightenment ideas They watched colonists in North America win their independence Then in 1808, Napoleon overthrew the Spanish king Latin American leaders knew it was now time to act

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence In Mexico, peasants revolted in 1810 Eleven years later, they overthrew their Spanish rulers In South America, a Creole named Simon Bolivar led wars of independence in Venezuela, Columbia and Ecuador

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence Central America declared independence from Spain in the early 1820s Local leaders united the region into a republic, although the republic later split into separate, independent states

Section 3: Latin American Wars of Independence Most of these new nations faced many problems, including civil war and poverty