An Empire Emerges

Republic to Empire Marius = A general who recruited soldiers from the poor and promised them land if they swore allegiance to him Marius = A general who recruited soldiers from the poor and promised them land if they swore allegiance to him Before Marius, farming soldiers were loyal to Rome but became loyal to individuals and the general….became more political Before Marius, farming soldiers were loyal to Rome but became loyal to individuals and the general….became more political Civil War broke out Civil War broke out

Marius: Created A Loyal, Professional Army

Slow Collapse of Republic From B.C.E civil wars dominated Rome From B.C.E civil wars dominated Rome Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar (generals) emerged victorious Crassus, Pompey, & Julius Caesar (generals) emerged victorious Crassus was killed, Senate gave power to Pompey and ordered Caesar to give up army. Crassus was killed, Senate gave power to Pompey and ordered Caesar to give up army. Caesar kept his army and defeated Pompey in 44 B.C.E Caesar kept his army and defeated Pompey in 44 B.C.E He came, saw and conquered- ”Veni,vidi,vici” He came, saw and conquered- ”Veni,vidi,vici” Demand to be the sole dictator Demand to be the sole dictator

Julius Caesar-Dictator to Emperor Gave land to the poor and expanded the senate to 3x its size Gave land to the poor and expanded the senate to 3x its size Filled the senate with his supporter which ultimately weakened it Filled the senate with his supporter which ultimately weakened it Implemented many reform plans Implemented many reform plans Public works Public works New Calendar New Calendar More help for poor More help for poor Senators assassinated Caesar after he declared himself dictator for life-emperor Senators assassinated Caesar after he declared himself dictator for life-emperor

Major Rivals

Ides of March March 15

2 nd Triumvirate After Caesar’s death….Octavian, Antony, Lepidus = formed 2 nd Triumvirate (3 leaders) After Caesar’s death….Octavian, Antony, Lepidus = formed 2 nd Triumvirate (3 leaders) Octavian took the Western and Antony took the Eastern 1/2 of the Empire (Lepidus to N. Africa) Octavian took the Western and Antony took the Eastern 1/2 of the Empire (Lepidus to N. Africa) Antony allied with Cleopatra VII of Egypt which caused conflict within Rome Antony allied with Cleopatra VII of Egypt which caused conflict within Rome Octavian defeated Antony at the battle of Actium Octavian defeated Antony at the battle of Actium Cleopatra and Antony both committed suicide one year later Cleopatra and Antony both committed suicide one year later

Rivals of the Second Triumvirate

The Legendary Cleopatra VII

The Decline and Fall of Rome

Problems in Roman Daily Life Rome was overcrowded, noisy, & dangerous Rome was overcrowded, noisy, & dangerous Rent for the poor was high- entire families to live in one room Rent for the poor was high- entire families to live in one room Due to conditions, Poor Romans spent most of their time in the street Due to conditions, Poor Romans spent most of their time in the streetRich Entertainment = gladiator contests-animals, slaves, & chariot races at Circus Maximus Entertainment = gladiator contests-animals, slaves, & chariot races at Circus Maximus Magnificent buildings = baths, temples, theaters, markets Magnificent buildings = baths, temples, theaters, markets

Circus Maximus

Rise of Christianity contributed to downfall of Empire Jesus taught Golden Rule,taught humility, charity, and love for others Jesus taught Golden Rule,taught humility, charity, and love for others Jesus turned over to the Romans Jesus turned over to the Romans Pontius Pilate ordered his crucifixion Pontius Pilate ordered his crucifixion Followers of Jesus believed that he overcame death and was the Messiah Followers of Jesus believed that he overcame death and was the Messiah

Rise of Christianity After word spread that Jesus had overcome death, there were many converts/ Only 60 days after crucifixion Jerusalem had 10,000 converts After word spread that Jesus had overcome death, there were many converts/ Only 60 days after crucifixion Jerusalem had 10,000 converts Romans paid little attention to Christianity at first, then began to see it as a threat to society Romans paid little attention to Christianity at first, then began to see it as a threat to society Persecution of Christians began with force Persecution of Christians began with force

Rise of Christianity Persecution strengthened Christianity,become more organized Persecution strengthened Christianity,become more organized Christianity appealed to the poor because it viewed everyone as equal Christianity appealed to the poor because it viewed everyone as equal Diocletian-last major emperor to enforce persecution of Christians/ he realized that Christianity was too powerful to be destroyed by force Diocletian-last major emperor to enforce persecution of Christians/ he realized that Christianity was too powerful to be destroyed by force Constantine =first Christian emperor Constantine =first Christian emperor

Diocletian and Constantine BroughtTemporary Reforms

Decline of Rome ANOTHER FACTOR ANOTHER FACTOR Long period of unrest followed the end of the Pax Ramona Long period of unrest followed the end of the Pax RamonaReasons: 22 emperors over a 50 year period, 20 died violently 22 emperors over a 50 year period, 20 died violently Rome was invaded by Persians and Germans Rome was invaded by Persians and Germans Civil war and plague almost caused empire to collapse Civil war and plague almost caused empire to collapse

Decline of Rome More Problems More Problems Trade and industry declined Trade and industry declined labor shortage due to the plague labor shortage due to the plague farm production declined due to war torn fields farm production declined due to war torn fields Money became short and soldiers were scarce/ Had to hire Germanic soldiers = who had no loyalty to Rome (mercenaries) Money became short and soldiers were scarce/ Had to hire Germanic soldiers = who had no loyalty to Rome (mercenaries)

Fall of Rome Still MORE PROBLEM Still MORE PROBLEM Under Constantine, Roman empire divided into two regions = west and east Under Constantine, Roman empire divided into two regions = west and east Rome = capital of west, Constantinople = capital of east Rome = capital of west, Constantinople = capital of east The Huns (from Asia) invaded eastern Europe and forced the German Visigoths into Roman territory to become Roman allies The Huns (from Asia) invaded eastern Europe and forced the German Visigoths into Roman territory to become Roman allies Eventually Visigoths destroyed Rome and took control Eventually Visigoths destroyed Rome and took control

Fall of Rome In 476 CE the Western emperor was killed In 476 CE the Western emperor was killed Many Germanic kingdoms over the years replaced the Western Empire Many Germanic kingdoms over the years replaced the Western Empire Eastern Roman empire became known as the Byzantine Empire and thrived around Constantinople Eastern Roman empire became known as the Byzantine Empire and thrived around Constantinople