CHAPTER 4 Fundamentals of Biology

What makes something living?

Smallest unit of a chemical element that exhibits its chemical properties Atom Molecule Chemical combination of two or more atoms of the same or different elements Cell The fundamental structural and functional unit of life Organism An individual living being Population A group of individuals of the same species living in a particular place Community Populations of different species living in a particular place, and potentially interacting with each other Ecosystem A community of different species interacting with one another and with their nonliving environment of matter and energy Biosphere Parts of the earth's air, water, and soil where life is found Levels of Organization of Matter in Nature

Challenges of the Sea Every habitat has its own unique set of characteristics and presents special challenges to the organisms that live there.

SALINITY Diffusion – substances go from high to low concentration

SALINITY Osmosis – diffusion of water across a membrane

SALINITY

REGULATION OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE Osmoconformers Osmoregulators

REGULATION OF SALT AND WATER BALANCE Osmoregulators Gill pumps Salt glands Rectal glands Rigid cell walls Other solutes

TEMPERATURE Metabolic reactions proceed faster at high temperatures (2x faster with a 10 o C increase in temperature) Marine organisms live in narrow temperature ranges

TEMPERATURE Ectotherms (poikilotherms) – Sharks – Fish – Shellfish – Plankton – Reptiles Endotherms (homeotherms) – Mammals – Birds – Some tuna

REPRODUCTION Asexual strategies – Clones – Fission – Budding Sexual strategies – Broadcast spawning – Many young – Few young – Hermaphrodites

DIVERSITY OF LIFE FIVE KINGDOMS – Animalia Multi-cell, move, heterotrophs – Plantae Multi-cell, can’t move, autotrophs – Fungi Multi-cell, can’t move, heterotrophs – Protista Single cell, complex – Monera Single cell, simple

CLASSIFICATION – Common dolphin Kingdom - Animalia – Phylum - Cordata Class - Mammalia – Order – Cetacea – Sub-order - Odontoceti » Family - Delphinidae Genus - Delphinus Species - delphis

CLASSIFICATION – Myopsid squid Kingdom – Animalia – Phylum – Mollusca Class – Cephalopoda Subclass - Coeloidea – SuperOrder – Decapodiformes – Order - Teuthidae » Family - Australiteuthidae » Genus - Australiteuthis » Species - alrichi