PRIMATES First in rank among mammals? & Scandentia EEOB February 2004 Notice: 11 & 12 Feb: Lab Exam II – First 30 minutes Data Analysis II - Excel Workshop: From spreadsheet to effective figures

Primate Origins & Characteristics An old order dating to the Cretaceous – most closely related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ? Ordinal character states: - 5 grasping digits, -nails, - many (32-36) teeth (loss only 8 from 44), - bunodont, 4-cusped molars (derived from?). Primitive? Shared, derived character states (Table 11.1 Vaughan ) - Hind limb dominance in locomotion - binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short) - Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !? - large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Plesiadapsis: ancestral primate of the Paleocene (Adapidae, Vaughan p 177)

Primate Origins & Characteristics An old order dating to Cretaceous – most closely related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ________? Ordinal character states: 1) 5 grasping digits w/ nails, 2) many (36-32/ of 44 max) teeth w/ bunodont, 4-cusp molars (derived from?) Primitive? Derived character states (p. 227 Feldhamer) - binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short) - Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !? - large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Primate Phylogeny & Classification Fossils: Plesiadapsis (Paleocene), ancestors of lemurs Two monophyletic suborders (236 Species, 5 th place) Suborder Strepsirhini (Prosiminans) – 7 families - Lemuridae: 10 species limited to Madagasgar - Loridae: Ethiopian and Oriental Regions Suborder Haplorhini (Anthropoidea) (w/ Tarsiidae) - Callitrichidae & Cebidae: Neotropical - Cercocopithecidae: Ethiopian & Oriental (81 sp) - Homidae (Pongidae) & Hylobatidae

Lemuridae Loridae Fig Feldhamer Adapidae? Haplorhini

Feldhamer 13.7

Haplorine Primates and Hominidae Derived character states of Haplorine Primates - post orbital plate & nails vs. claws - ischial collosities or no tail - catarrhine nostrils point down (not sideways) - dental formula: I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 Character states in Hominidae - Enlarged cranial capacity I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 or I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 2/2 ?

Encephalization Quotients EQ = Observed brain weight divided by Expected brain weight Expected brain weight obtained from a regression equation (brain weight on body mass)for all mammals EQ varies from 0.3 to 1.5 for most mammals primates: 1.5 to 2.6, dolphins & porpoises: 3.2 – for Homo sapiens (Why?) - Factors promoting high EQ - Relationship of EQ to intelligence

Log of Body Weight Regression line for all mammals (the “average”) EQ = Observed brain weight Expected brain weight

Biology & Conservation of Primates Deforestation the major threat to primate populations and diversity Golden lion tamarins: - Brazilian Atlantic coast rainforest - A success story for the role of Zoos Red howler monkeys: An abundant wide spread species with wide habitat and environmental tolerances

End Primates

Primate Origins & Characteristics An old order dating to the Cretaceous – most closely related to: Scandentia, Dermaptera, Chiroptera & ? Ordinal character states: 1) 5 grasping digits w/ nails, 2) many (32-36/ of 44 max) teeth w/ bunodont, 4-cusp molars (derived from?) Primitive? Derived character states (p. 227 Feldhamer) - binocular vision with postorbital bar (muzzle short) - Long generation times w/ delayed sexual maturity !? - large brain size (cerebrum) & high EQs

Primate Phylogeny & Classification Two monophyletic suborders (232 Sp, 5 th place) Suborder Strepsirhini (Prosiminans) - primitive - Lemuridae: 10 species limited to Madagasgar - Loridae: Ethiopian and Oriental Regions Suborder Haplorhini (Anthropoidea) (w/ Tarsiidae) - Callitrichidae & Cebidae: Neotropical - Cercocopithecidae: Ethiopian & Oriental (81 sp) - Homidae (Pongidae) & Hylobatidae

Encephalizion Quotients EQ = Observed brain weight divided by Expected brain weight Expected brain weight obtained from a regression equation (brain weight on body mass)for all mammals EQ varies from 0.3 to 1.5 for most mammals primates: 1.5 to 2.6, dolphins & porpoises: 3.2 – for Homo sapiens (Why?) - Factors promoting high EQ - Relationship of EQ to intelligence

Log of Body Weight Regression line for all mammals (the “average”) EQ = Observed brain weight Expected brain weight

Haplorine Primates and Hominidae Derived character states of Haplorine Primates - post orbital plate & nails vs. claws - ischial collosities or no tail - dental formula: I 2/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 Character states in Hominidae: - Catarrhine, trend to terrestrial habits - Enlarged cranial capacity: High EQ - Dental formula: What is yours?

Biology & Conservation of Primates Deforestation the major threat to primate populations and diversity Golden lion tamarins: - Brazilian Atlantic coast rainforest - A success story for the role of Zoos Red howler monkeys: An abundant wide spread species with wide habitat and environmental tolerances