Prof.ssa Cynthia Tenaglia

This process had began with The exploitation of the New WorldThe exploitation of the New World Commerce and TradeCommerce and Trade Availability of CapitalAvailability of Capital

Aristocracy showed a sense of enterprise not found in the aristocracy of the other European countries Aristocracy showed a sense of enterprise not found in the aristocracy of the other European countries They invested their money to improve Production They invested their money to improve Production

The Enclosure Act Enclosure Acts allowing Landowners to fence off their holdings, so no more common land for the landless poor ( before they could collect wood or graze their animals)

“ Enclosed ” Lands Today

transformed the commercial production changing the old working techniques and transforming a whole way of life

James Watt ’ s Steam Engine

An Early Steam Locomotive Communication was made easier

Later Locomotives

The Impact of the Railroad

Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

Steam Ship

Steam Tractor New scientific techniques applied to farming

Jacquard ’ s Loom These inventions destroyed the old domestic weaving and spinning, introducing the method of factory production.

Textile Factory Workers in England

The Power Loom

Young “ Bobbin-Doffers ”

Metals, Woolens, & Canals

Coalfields & Industrial Areas

Industrial Staffordshire

Epidemics, like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the Great Stink of 1858.Epidemics, like cholera, thyphoid, caused a high mortality in towns. They came to a peak in the Great Stink of This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames.This expression was used to describe the terrible smell in London, coming from the Thames. The “Great Stink” Caricature appearing on the magazine «Punch» in 1858 The Victorian Age Only Connect... New Directions

Early-19c London by Gustave Dore slums

Worker Housing in Manchester

The New Industrial City  Overcrowding  Lack of sanitation

Factory Workers at Home Starvation wages

The Factory System × Rigid schedule. × hour day. × Dangerous conditions. × Monotony.

Stereotype of the Factory Owner

What was life like for a poor child in cities and towns in the 1840’s? Most children had to work to help their families earn enough money to live. Employers used them as cheap labourMost children had to work to help their families earn enough money to live. Employers used them as cheap labour

Factories The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working.The youngest children in the textile factories were usually employed as scavengers and piecers. Scavengers had to pick up the loose cotton from under the machinery. This was extremely dangerous as the children were expected to carry out the task while the machine was still working.

Factories Piecers had to lean over the spinning- machine to repair the broken threads.Piecers had to lean over the spinning- machine to repair the broken threads. Many children suffered serious accidents.Many children suffered serious accidents.

Young Coal Miners

Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers”

Chimney sweepers Chimney sweepers used young boys to climb chimneys and clean away the soot. They were often burned or hurt.Chimney sweepers used young boys to climb chimneys and clean away the soot. They were often burned or hurt.

19 c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche Because of the need of financial support, people willing to invest their money became really important in economic life

Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

This new economy was supported by economists such as Adam Smith ( 1776) with his theory of “ Laissez Faire”: Free trade: Man is free to pursue his interest, government doesn’t have to interfere.Free trade: Man is free to pursue his interest, government doesn’t have to interfere. Freedom in the international tradeFreedom in the international trade No duties and monopolistic privileges.No duties and monopolistic privileges.

Adam Smith in his “ Wealth of Nations” stated the end of all government regulations of internal and external trade, in the belief that the free play of individualism always worked out for the best

Upper and Middle class,and the Church saw the misery of the poor as an inevitable social evil.Upper and Middle class,and the Church saw the misery of the poor as an inevitable social evil. Only towards the end of the century Charity schools openedOnly towards the end of the century Charity schools opened Women started to ask for more rights, Mary Wollstonecraft demanded better education.Women started to ask for more rights, Mary Wollstonecraft demanded better education.