Wheels, Deals and Automobiles: The Industrial Revolution 1750-1848

Traditional Farming Methods List all of the MACHINES in the picture. How many POWER SOURCES are in the picture? What SOCIAL CLASSES are represented here? Using the picture, write a sentence describing life before industrialization.

How did the world go from this?

To this?

What triggered the Industrial Revolution? Agricultural Revolution new inventions (seed drill) put small farmers out of work – migrated to towns Also people lived longer – created a large work force Population Explosion 1800s Energy Revolution Water mills/windmills, steam engines

A New Agricultural Revolution Improved Methods of Farming Enclosure Movement Population Explosion Dikes for land reclamation Fertilizer Seed Drill – Jethro Tull Crop rotation Rich landowners fenced in land formerly shared by peasant farmers. Output rose with fewer workers Tenants displaced Moved to cities Britain’s population rose from 5 million in 1700 to 9 million in 1800. Declining death rates Reduced risk of famine.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention James Watt's improvements in 1769 and 1784 to the steam engine converted a machine of limited use, to one of efficiency and many applications.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention Watt’s improved steam engine was the foremost energy source in the emerging Industrial Revolution, and greatly multiplied its productive capacity.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention Watt was a creative genius who radically transformed the world from an agricultural society into an industrial one. Through Watt’s invention of the first practical steam engine, our modern world eventually moved from a 90% rural basis to a 90% urban basis.

James Watt’s Steam Engine: World Changing Invention Improved steam engines led to improved systems for transporting people and factory goods.

Effects of the Industrial Revolution Economic New technologies, trade huge divide between industrialized and non industrialized world Political Aristocracy remains but has less power Social social status becomes based on wealth (not birth) Growth of cities (urbanization) Growth of ‘isms’

Urbanization In the mid 1700s, more than half the population of Britain lived and worked on farms. Between 1750 and 1851, displaced farming families moved to the cities to work in the new factories.

Urban Living Conditions Factory owners rushed to build housing Back to back row houses Several people in very small spaces Poor sanitation High disease rates Crime Massive pollution

Industrialization Factory system Rigid schedule 12-16 hours Workers exposed to dangers Parents accepted idea of child labor

Urban Living Conditions Average Age at Death for Different Classes CITY GENTRY TRADESPEOPLE LABORERS Rutland 52 41 38 Truro 40 33 28 Derby 49 21 Manchester 20 17 Bethnal Green 45 26 16 Liverpool 35 22 15 Rutland – agricultural area in central England Other locations – major industrial centers Truro – tin mining center

Working Conditions and Wages Common working day: 12 – 14 hours One short break for lunch Work week: 6 days per week 80 degree heat Workers were beaten if they did not perform well. Hot, polluted factory air. Workers risked losing limbs from the machines. Low wages.

Child Labor Children shifted from farm work to factory work. 12 – 14 hour days 6 day weeks Lower wages than adults. Began at age 5. Mining work deformed bodies.

Child Labor As concerns about the welfare of children rose in mid 1800s, Parliament held investigations into working conditions. New laws and new labor unions improved conditions.

New Technologies and World Economy Steamships Telegraph cables Steel Electricity Chemical industries Railroad

World Trade Great Britain first to industrialize By 1890 Germany and U.S. surpassed G.B. as world’s leading industrial powers Industrialized nations mass produced consumer goods while the non-industrial areas provided raw materials

World Economy World became prey to sudden swings in business cycle because of ever-changing supply and demand

Environmental effects RR ate land Tropical forests cut for plantations

Growth of Isms Capitalism Economic system in which the means of production are privately owned and operated for profit. Socialism Economic factors determine course of history and the struggle between the classes is caused by who benefits from surplus

Communism Karl Marx Scientific socialism Economics really a struggle between the “haves” (upper class and merchants bourgeoisie) and the “have nots” (proletariat working class.) Advocated a workers’ revolution to replace private ownership of property with cooperative ownership. “Workers of the world unite you have nothing to lose but your chains”

UTILITARIANISM Greatest happiness for the greatest number Any action is right if it produces happiness Jeremy Bentham John Stuart Mill – advocated government help for poor

Utopianism Self-sufficient communities – all work was shared and all property was owned in common Does this work?

Economists of the Industrial Revolution Adam Smith: advocated laissez- faire economics. No government regulation of business. A free market will produce more goods at lower prices, making them affordable by everyone. The basis of Capitalism. Thomas Malthus: Population will outpace the food supply David Ricardo: Poor having too many children, thus leading to a high labor supply and lower wages.

The Industrial Revolution Economic Effects Social Effects New inventions and development of factories Rapidly growing industry in the 1800s Increased production and higher demand for raw materials Growth of worldwide trade Population explosion and a large labor force Exploitation of mineral resources Highly developed banking and investment system Advances in transportation, agriculture, and communication Long hours worked by children in factories Increase in population of cities Poor city planning Loss of family stability Expansion of middle class Harsh conditions for laborers Workers’ progress vs. laissez-faire economic attitudes Improved standard of living Creation of new jobs Encouragement of technological progress Political Effects Child labor laws to end abuses Reformers urging equal distribution of wealth (i.e. Karl Marx) Trade unions Social reform movements, such as utilitarianism, utopianism, socialism, and Marxism Reform bills in Parliament

Industrial Revolution Vocabulary Bourgeoisie Merchant Class Proletariat Workers Factory system Rigid Schedule 12-14 hrs./day Domestic system Make goods at home Capital Land/money which produces Laissez-faire hands off policy toward business Capitalist Profit Communism everyone owns equally